一、事务支持
MySQL的事务支持不是绑定在MySQL服务器本身,而是与存储引擎相关。
1. MyISAM 不支持事务,用于只读程序提高性能;
2. InnoDB 支持ACID事务,行级锁、并发;
3. Berkeley DB 支持事务。
二、隔离级别
隔离级别决定了一个session中的事务可能对另一个session的影响、并发session对数据库的操作、一个session中所见数据的一致性。
ANSI标准定义了4个隔离级别,MySQL的InnoDB都支持:
1. READ-UNCOMMITTED:最低级别的隔离,通常又称为dirty read,它允许一个事务读取还没commit的数据,这样可能会提高性能,但是dirty read可能不是我们想要的。
2.READ-COMMITTED:在一个事务中只允许已经commit的记录可见,如果session中select还在查询中,另一session此时insert一条记录,则新添加的数据不可见。
3.REPEATABLE-READ:在一个事务开始后,其他session对数据库的修改在本事务中不可见,直到本事务commit或rollback。在一个事务中重复select的结果一样,除非本事务中update数据库。
4.SERIALIZABLE:最高级别的隔离,只允许事务串行执行。为了达到此目的,数据库会锁住每行已经读取的记录,其他session不能修改数据直到前一事务结束,事务commit或取消时才释放锁。
MySQL 隔离级别设置:
# 设置
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {READ-UNCOMMITTED | READ-COMMITTED | REPEATABLE-READ | SERIALIZABLE}
# 查看
SELECT @@tx_isolation
MySQL默认的隔离级别是REPEATABLE READ,在设置隔离级别为READ UNCOMMITTED或SERIALIZABLE时要小心,READ UNCOMMITTED会导致数据完整性的严重问题,而SERIALIZABLE会导致性能问题并增加死锁的机率。
三、悲观锁及乐观锁
悲观锁:在读取数据时锁住那几行,其他对这几行的更新需要等到悲观锁结束时才能继续; 乐观所:读取数据时不锁,更新时检查是否数据已经被更新过,如果是则取消当前更新。
一般在悲观锁的等待时间过长而不能接受时我们才会选择乐观锁。两种锁各有优缺点,不可认为一种好于另一种,像乐观锁适用于写比较少的情况下,即冲突真的很少发生的时候,这样可以省去了锁的开销,加大了系统的整个吞吐量。但如果经常产生冲突,上层应用会不断的进行retry,这样反倒是降低了性能,所以这种情况下用悲观锁就比较合适。
悲观锁示例:
CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account INT, to_account INT,tfer_amount NUMERIC(10,2),
OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30))
BEGIN
DECLARE from_account_balance NUMERIC(10,2);
START TRANSACTION;
SELECT balance
INTO from_account_balance
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account
FOR UPDATE;
IF from_account_balance>=tfer_amount THEN
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
SET status=0;
SET message='OK';
ELSE
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1;
SET message='Insufficient funds';
END IF;
END;
乐观锁示例:
CREATE PROCEDURE tfer_funds
(from_account INT, to_account INT, tfer_amount NUMERIC(10,2),
OUT status INT, OUT message VARCHAR(30) )
BEGIN
DECLARE from_account_balance NUMERIC(8,2);
DECLARE from_account_balance2 NUMERIC(8,2);
DECLARE from_account_timestamp1 TIMESTAMP;
DECLARE from_account_timestamp2 TIMESTAMP;
SELECT account_timestamp,balance
INTO from_account_timestamp1,from_account_balance
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account;
IF (from_account_balance>=tfer_amount) THEN
-- Here we perform some long running validation that
-- might take a few minutes */
CALL long_running_validation(from_account);
START TRANSACTION;
-- Make sure the account row has not been updated since
-- our initial check
SELECT account_timestamp, balance
INTO from_account_timestamp2,from_account_balance2
FROM account_balance
WHERE account_id=from_account
FOR UPDATE;
IF (from_account_timestamp1 <> from_account_timestamp2 OR
from_account_balance <> from_account_balance2) THEN
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1;
SET message=CONCAT("Transaction cancelled due to concurrent update",
" of account" ,from_account);
ELSE
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance-tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=from_account;
UPDATE account_balance
SET balance=balance+tfer_amount
WHERE account_id=to_account;
COMMIT;
SET status=0;
SET message="OK";
END IF;
ELSE
ROLLBACK;
SET status=-1;
SET message="Insufficient funds";
END IF;
END$$