java timer 原理_java timer 定时器原理

做项目很多时候会用到定时任务,比如在深夜,流量较小的时候,做一些统计工作。早上定时发送邮件,更新数据库等。这里可以用Java的Timer或线程池实现。Timer可以实现,不过Timer存在一些问题。他起一个单线程,如果有异常产生,线程将退出,整个定时任务就失败。

下面是一个Timer实现的定时任务Demo,会向控制台每隔一秒输出Do work...

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

1 import java.util.Date;

2 import java.util.Timer;

3 import java.util.TimerTask;

4

5 /**

6 * Created by gxf on 2017/6/21.

7 */

8 public class TestTimer {

9 public static void main(String[] args) {

10 Timer timer = new Timer();

11 Task task = new Task();

12 timer.schedule(task, new Date(), 1000);

13 }

14 }

15

16 class Task extends TimerTask{

17

18 @Override

19 public void run() {

20 System.out.println("Do work...");

21 }

22 }

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

控制台输出

Do work...

Do work...

Do work...

Do work...

我们将进入JDK源码分析一下,Timer原理

Timer源码

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

public class Timer {

/**

* The timer task queue. This data structure is shared with the timer

* thread. The timer produces tasks, via its various schedule calls,

* and the timer thread consumes, executing timer tasks as appropriate,

* and removing them from the queue when they're obsolete.

*/

private final TaskQueue queue = new TaskQueue();

/**

* The timer thread.

*/

private final TimerThread thread = new TimerThread(queue);

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里可以看出,有一个队列(其实是个最小堆),和一个线程对象

我们在看一下Timer的构造函数

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

/**

* Creates a new timer. The associated thread does not

* {@linkplain Thread#setDaemon run as a daemon}.

*/

public Timer() {

this("Timer-" + serialNumber());

}

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里调用了有参构造函数,进入查看

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

/**

* Creates a new timer whose associated thread has the specified name.

* The associated thread does not

* {@linkplain Thread#setDaemon run as a daemon}.

*

* @param name the name of the associated thread

* @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is null

* @since 1.5

*/

public Timer(String name) {

thread.setName(name);

thread.start();

}

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里可以看到,起了一个线程

ok,我们再看一下,TimerTask这个类

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

/**

* A task that can be scheduled for one-time or repeated execution by a Timer.

*

* @author Josh Bloch

* @see Timer

* @since 1.3

*/

public abstract class TimerTask implements Runnable {

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

虽然代码不多,也不贴完,这里看出,是一个实现了Runable接口的类,也就是说可以放到线程中运行的任务

这里就清楚了,Timer是一个线程,TimerTask是一个Runable实现类,那只要提交TimerTask对象就可以运行任务了。

public void schedule(TimerTask task, Date firstTime, long period) {

if (period <= 0)

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-positive period.");

sched(task, firstTime.getTime(), -period);

}

进入Timer shed(task, firstTime, period)

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

private void sched(TimerTask task, long time, long period) {

if (time < 0)

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal execution time.");

// Constrain value of period sufficiently to prevent numeric

// overflow while still being effectively infinitely large.

if (Math.abs(period) > (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1))

period >>= 1;

synchronized(queue) {

if (!thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled)

throw new IllegalStateException("Timer already cancelled.");

synchronized(task.lock) {

if (task.state != TimerTask.VIRGIN)

throw new IllegalStateException(

"Task already scheduled or cancelled");

task.nextExecutionTime = time;

task.period = period;

task.state = TimerTask.SCHEDULED;

}

queue.add(task);

if (queue.getMin() == task)

queue.notify();

}

}

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里主要是queue.add(task)将任务放到最小堆里面,并queue.notity()唤醒在等待的线程

那么我们进入Timer类的TimerThread对象查看run方法,因为Timer类里面有个TimerThread 对象是一个线程

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

public void run() {

try {

mainLoop();

} finally {

// Someone killed this Thread, behave as if Timer cancelled

synchronized(queue) {

newTasksMayBeScheduled = false;

queue.clear(); // Eliminate obsolete references

}

}

}

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里可以看出,在执行一个mainLoop()循环,进入这个循环

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

/**

* The main timer loop. (See class comment.)

*/

private void mainLoop() {

while (true) {

try {

TimerTask task;

boolean taskFired;

synchronized(queue) {

// Wait for queue to become non-empty

while (queue.isEmpty() && newTasksMayBeScheduled)

queue.wait();

if (queue.isEmpty())

break; // Queue is empty and will forever remain; die

// Queue nonempty; look at first evt and do the right thing

long currentTime, executionTime;

task = queue.getMin();

synchronized(task.lock) {

if (task.state == TimerTask.CANCELLED) {

queue.removeMin();

continue; // No action required, poll queue again

}

currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

executionTime = task.nextExecutionTime;

if (taskFired = (executionTime<=currentTime)) {

if (task.period == 0) { // Non-repeating, remove

queue.removeMin();

task.state = TimerTask.EXECUTED;

} else { // Repeating task, reschedule

queue.rescheduleMin(

task.period<0 ? currentTime - task.period

: executionTime + task.period);

}

}

}

if (!taskFired) // Task hasn't yet fired; wait

queue.wait(executionTime - currentTime);

}

if (taskFired) // Task fired; run it, holding no locks

task.run();

} catch(InterruptedException e) {

}

}

48304ba5e6f9fe08f3fa1abda7d326ab.png

这里忘了说明,TimerTask是按nextExecutionTime进行堆排序的。每次取堆中nextExecutionTime和当前系统时间进行比较,如果当前时间大于nextExecutionTime则执行,如果是单次任务,会将任务从最小堆,移除。否则,更新nextExecutionTime的值

至此,Timer定时任务原理基本理解,单线程 + 最小堆 + 不断轮询

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