cucumber自动化 java_cucumber自动化测试官方教程

原标题：cucumber自动化测试官方教程

来源：http://www.uml.org.cn/

安装

cucumber是一款测试工具。可用于大多数主流编程语言。比如JAVA、JS、Ruby、C++、Lua、Android、Kotlin、C#/F#、PHP、Python、Go、Groovy、Scala等等。其中JAVA、JS、Ruby的代码托管在cucumber下。官方建议选择与生产代码相同的平台或编程语言的实现。本文主要是JAVA平台下的介绍教程。使用方法非常简单，创建一个mvn工程，在pom.xml文件引入以下依赖即可。

io.cucumber

cucumber-java8

4.2.0

test

也可以根据骨架创建cucumber项目。

创建一个空的Cucumber项目

我们首先使用cucumber- prototype Maven插件创建一个新项目目录。打开终端，转到要创建项目的目录(比如本文是hellocucumber)，运行以下命令:

mvn archetype:generate

-DarchetypeGroupId=io.cucumber

-DarchetypeArtifactId=cucumber-archetype

-DarchetypeVersion=2.3.1.2

-DgroupId=hellocucumber

-DartifactId=hellocucumber

-Dpackage=hellocucumber

-Dversion=1.0.0-SNAPSHOT

-DinteractiveMode=false

你应该得到如下结果:

[INFO] Project created from Archetype in dir:

hellocucumber/cucumber

[INFO] -------------------------------------

[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS

[INFO] -------------------------------------

切换到刚才运行命令创建的目录:

cd hellocucumber

在IntelliJ IDEA(或者eclipse都行)中打开项目:

文件->打开…->(选择pom.xml)

选择Open as Project

现在，您已经安装了一个简单的Cucumber项目。

验证cucumber安装

mvn test

您应该看到如下内容:

------------------------------------

T E S T S

------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

No features found at [classpath:hellocucumber]

0 Scenarios

0 Steps

0m0.004s

Tests run: 0, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0,

Time elapsed: 0.541 sec

Results :

Tests run: 0, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

[INFO] -----------------------------------------

[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS

[INFO] -----------------------------------------

Cucumber的输出告诉我们它没有找到任何可以运行的东西。

写一个Scenario(场景)

当我们使用Cucumber进行行为驱动开发时，我们使用具体的例子来指定我们希望软件做什么。Scenario是在生产代码之前编写的。它们以可执行规范的形式开始生命。随着生产代码的出现，场景扮演了事实文档和自动化测试的角色。

在Cucumber中，一个example称为Scenario。Scenario定义在.feature文件中，这些文件存储在src/test/resources/hellocucumber目录(或子目录)中。

一个具体的例子就是：星期天不是星期五。

创建一个名为src/test/resources/

hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature的文件，

文件包括以下内容:

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday

Given today is Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet

Then I should be told "Nope"

这个文件的第一行以关键字'''Feature'''开始:后面跟着一个名称。最好使用与文件名类似的名称。

第二行是对该特性的简要描述。Cucumber并不执行这一行，它只是一个文档。

第4行，场景:Sunday is not Friday是一个scenario，它是说明软件应该如何工作的具体示例。

最后三行以Given开头，When和Then是我们的场景的步骤。这就是Cucumber将要执行的操作。

看一个未定义的scenario报告

现在我们有了一个场景，我们可以让Cucumber执行它：

mvn test

Cucumber告诉我们有一个undefined的场景和三个undefined的步骤。它还建议我们使用一些代码片段来define这些步骤:

-------------------------------------

T E S T S

-------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday # hellocucumber/

is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # null

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # null

Then I should be told "Nope" # null

1 Scenarios (1 undefined)

3 Steps (3 undefined)

0m0.040s

You can implement missing steps with the snippets below:

@Given("^today is Sunday$")

public void today_is_Sunday {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

@When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")

public void i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

@Then("^I should be told "([^"]*)"$")

public void i_should_be_told(String arg1) {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

复制以上未定义步骤的三个代码片段：

@Given("^today is Sunday$")

public void today_is_Sunday {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

@When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")

public void i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

@Then("^I should be told "([^"]*)"$")

public void i_should_be_told(String arg1) {

// Write code here that turns the phrase above

into concrete actions

throw new PendingException;

}

并将它们粘贴到src/test/java/hellocucumber/steps.java中。

看一个pending的scenario报告

再次运行Cucumber: mvn test。这次的输出略有不同:

------------------------------------

T E S T S

------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday # hellocucumber/

is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

cucumber.api.PendingException: TODO: implement me

at hellocucumber.Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

(Stepdefs.java:12)

at ?.today is Sunday(hellocucumber/

is_it_friday_yet.feature:5)

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope" #

Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

1 Scenarios (1 pending)

3 Steps (2 skipped, 1 pending)

0m0.188s

cucumber.api.PendingException:

TODO: implement me

at hellocucumber.Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

(Stepdefs.java:12)

at ?.today is Sunday(hellocucumber/

is_it_friday_yet.feature:5)

Cucumber找到我们的步骤定义并执行它们。它们当前被标记为pending，这意味着我们需要让它们做一些有用的事情。

看一个falling的scenario报告

下一步是按照步骤定义中的注释所告诉我们的去做:

Write code here that turns the

phrase above into concrete actions

尝试在代码中使用与步骤中相同的单词。

将步骤定义代码更改为:

package hellocucumber;

import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;

import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;class IsItFriday {

static String isItFriday(String today) {

return null;

}

}

public class Stepdefs {

private String today;

private String actualAnswer;

@Given("^today is Sunday$")

public void today_is_Sunday {

today = "Sunday";

}

@When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")

public void i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet {

actualAnswer = IsItFriday.isItFriday(today);

}

@Then("^I should be told "([^"]*)"$")

public void i_should_be_told(String expectedAnswer) {

assertEquals(expectedAnswer, actualAnswer);

}

}

再次运行mvn test :

-------------------------------------

T E S T S

-------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday # hellocucumber/

is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope" # Stepdefs.

i_should_be_told(String)

java.lang.Asserti: expected: but was:

at org.junit.Assert.fail(Assert.java:88)

at org.junit.Assert.failNotEquals

(Assert.java:834)

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:118)

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:144)

at hellocucumber.Stepdefs.i_should_be_told

(Stepdefs.java:30)

at ?.I should be told "Nope"

(hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:7)

Failed scenarios:

hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

# Sunday isn't Friday

1 Scenarios (1 failed)

3 Steps (1 failed, 2 passed)

0m0.404s

这就是进步! 但前两步已经passing，最后一步却failing了。

看一个passing的scenario报告

让我们做最简单的事情来让场景通过。在本例中，这只是为了让我们的方法返回Nope :

static String isItFriday

(String today) {

return "Nope";

}

再次运行mvn test:

-------------------------------------

T E S T S

-------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday #

hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

1 Scenarios (1 passed)

3 Steps (3 passed)

0m0.255s

恭喜你!这是第一个成功(passing)的Cucumber Scenario。

添加另一个失败的测试

下一件要测试的事情是，我们也会在周五得到正确的结果。

更新is-it-friday-yet.feature文件:

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday

Given today is Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet

Then I should be told "Nope"Scenario: Friday is Friday

Given today is Friday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet

Then I should be told "TGIF"

我们需要添加一个步骤定义，将today设置为“Friday”:

@Given("^today is Friday$")

public void today_is_Friday {

this.today = "Friday";

}

当我们运行这个测试时，它将失败。

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday

# hellocucumber/isitfriday.feature:4

Given today is "Sunday" # Stepdefs.today_is(String)

When I ask whether is's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

Scenario: Friday is Friday

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday.feature:9

Given today is "Friday"

# Stepdefs.today_is(String)

When I ask whether is's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "TGIF"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

org.junit.ComparisonFailure:

expected: but was:

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:115)

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:144)

at hellocucumber.Stepdefs.

i_should_be_told(Stepdefs.java:26)

at ?.I should be told "TGIF"

(hellocucumber/is_it_friday.feature:12)

org.junit.ComparisonFailure:

Expected :TGIF

Actual :Nope

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:115)

at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals

(Assert.java:144)

at hellocucumber.Stepdefs.

i_should_be_told(Stepdefs.java:26)

at ?.I should be told "TGIF"

(hellocucumber/is_it_friday.feature:12)

那是因为我们还没有实现逻辑!我们接着做。

让它通过

我们应该更新我们的语句来实际评估Today是否等于“Friday”。

static String isItFriday(String today) {

if (today.equals("Friday")) {

return "TGIF";

}

return "Nope";

}

再次运行mvn test:

-------------------------------------

T E S T S

-------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Friday is Friday

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Friday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "TGIF"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

2 scenarios (2 passed)

6 steps (6 passed)

0m0.255s

使用变量和实例

所以，我们都知道一周中不止周日和周五。让我们更新我们的scenario以使用变量并评估更多的可能性。我们将使用变量和示例来计算星期五、星期天和其他任何时间! 更新is-it-friday-yet.feature文件。注意，当我们开始使用多个Examples时，我们是如何从一个Scenario切换到Scenario Outline的。

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday

Given today is ""

When I ask whether it's Friday yet

Then I should be told ""

Examples:

| day | answer |

| Friday | TGIF |

| Sunday | Nope |

| anything else! | Nope |

我们需要用一个以为字符串的步骤定义来替换today is Sunday和today is Friday的步骤定义。更新stepdefs.java文件如下:

package hellocucumber;

import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;

import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

class IsItFriday {

static String isItFriday(String today) {

if (today.equals("Friday")) {

return "TGIF";

}

return "Nope";

}

}

public class Stepdefs {

private String today;

private String actualAnswer;

@Given("^today is "([^"]*)"$")

public void today_is(String today) {

this.today = today;

}

@When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")

public void i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet {

this.actualAnswer = IsItFriday.isItFriday(today);

}

@Then("^I should be told "([^"]*)"$")

public void i_should_be_told(String expectedAnswer) {

assertEquals(expectedAnswer, actualAnswer);

}

}

再次执行mvn test:

-------------------------------------

T E S T S

-------------------------------------

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest

Feature: Is it Friday yet?

Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:5

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:6

Then I should be told

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:7

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday

# hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4

Given today is Sunday # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday

When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_is_s_Friday_yet

Then I should be told "Nope"

# Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

Examples:

| day | answer |

| "Friday" | "TGIF" |

| "Sunday" | "Nope" |

| "anything else!" | "Nope" |

3 scenarios (3 passed)

9 steps (9 passed)

0m0.255s

重构

现在我们有了工作代码，我们应该做一些重构:

我们应该将isItFriday方法从测试代码移到生产代码中。我们可以在某个时候从步骤定义中提取helper方法，用于我们在几个地方使用的方法。返回搜狐，查看更多

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