linux系统怎么重启系统还原,Linux 灾难恢复 Linux 系统启动故障修复

系统镜像文件丢失

系统丢失镜像文件，主机启动后黑屏。

图 7. 镜像丢失

挂载系统安装盘进入援救模式 , 检查 /boot 目录下发现没有镜像文件。

bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage

sh-4.1# ls /boot

config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz

efi System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64

grub vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64

lost+found

重新生成镜像文件 initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img。

sh-4.1# cd /boot

sh-4.1# mkinit

sh-4.1# ls

config-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 lost+found

efi symvers-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.gz

grub System.map-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64

initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64

重启主机后 , 系统可正常引导。

系统 /boot 分区损坏

一般来说系统 /boot 分区损坏，我们会先尝试修复文件系统。如果文件系统损坏不能修复，那么我们可以参照前述的方法来依次新建 /boot 分区，重新安装内核和镜像，然后安装 GURB 再手工编辑引导菜单，以最终来恢复系统可正常引导。通常我们需要按照如下的步骤来恢复。

创建分区

碰到比较严重的情况就是 /boot 分区已经完全损坏，启动时会提示找不到引导设备。

图 8. 引导分区损坏

挂载安装盘后进入援救模式，查看分区情况，发现分区 /dev/sda1 不存在。

bash-4.1#

Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux

新建一个分区并且设置它为启动分区。

bash-4.1# fdisk /dev/sda

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-5226, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-16, default 16):

Using default value 16

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 16 128488+ 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!