python orm框架sqlalchemy_Python的ORM框架SQLAlchemy入门教程

sqlalchemy的理念是，sql数据库的量级和性能重要于对象集合；而对象集合的抽象又重要于表和行。

一 安装 sqlalchemy

pip install sqlalchemy

导入如果没有报错则安装成功

>>> import sqlalchemy

>>> sqlalchemy.__version__

'0.9.1'

>>>

二 使用 sqlalchemy对数据库操作

1. 定义元信息，绑定到引擎

(env)ghost@ghost-h61m-s2v-b3:~/project/flask/fsql$ python

python 2.7.3 (default, apr 10 2013, 05:13:16)

[gcc 4.7.2] on linux2

type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db', echo=true)  # 定义引擎

>>> metadata = metadata(engine) # 绑定元信息

>>>

2.创建表格，初始化数据库

>>> users_table = table('users', metadata,

...     column('id', integer, primary_key=true),

...     column('name', string(40)),

...     column('email', string(120)))

>>>

>>> users_table.create()

2014-01-09 10:03:32,436 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine

create table users (

id integer not null,

name varchar(40),

email varchar(120),

primary key (id)

)

2014-01-09 10:03:32,436 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ()

2014-01-09 10:03:32,575 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine commit

>>>

执行上述代码，我们就创建 一个 users 表，有id， name， email 三个字段

(env)ghost@ghost-h61m-s2v-b3:~/project/flask/fsql$ sqlite3 sqlalchemy.db

sqlite version 3.7.13 2012-06-11 02:05:22

enter ".help" for instructions

enter sql statements terminated with a ";"

sqlite> .tables

users

sqlite>

3. 基本操作，插入

如果已经table表已经存在， 第二次运行就不许要 create了，  使用 autoload 设置

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db', echo=true)

>>> metadata = metadata(engine)

>>> users_table = table('users', metadata, autoload=true)

2014-01-09 10:20:01,580 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine pragma table_info("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,581 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ()

2014-01-09 10:20:01,582 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine pragma foreign_key_list("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ()

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine pragma index_list("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ()

>>> users_table

table('users', metadata(bind=engine(sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db)), column('id', integer(), table=, primary_key=true, nullable=false), column('name', varchar(length=40), table=), column('email', varchar(length=120), table=), schema=none)

>>>

实例化一个插入句柄

>>> i = users_table.insert()

>>> i

>>> print i

insert into users (id, name, email) values (?, ?, ?)

>>> i.execute(name='rsj217', email='rsj21@gmail.com')

2014-01-09 10:24:02,250 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine insert into users (name, email) values (?, ?)

2014-01-09 10:24:02,250 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ('rsj217', 'rsj21@gmail.com')

2014-01-09 10:24:02,251 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine commit

>>> i.execute({'name': 'ghost'},{'name': 'test'})

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine insert into users (name) values (?)

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine (('ghost',), ('test',))

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine commit

>>>

数据库内容为

sqlite> select * from users;

1|rsj217|rsj21@gmail.com

2|ghost|

3|test|

sqlite>

查询 删除和插入类似 都需要先实例一个 sqlalchemy.sql.dml 对象

三 使用 orm

使用 orm 就是 将 python class 与 数据库的 table 映射，免去直接写 sql 语句

创建映射

>>> class user(object):

...     def __repr__(self):

...             return '%s(%r, %r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, self.email)

...

>>> mapper(user, users_table)  # 创建映射

>>> ul = user()

>>> ul.name

>>> print ul

user(none, none)

>>> print ul.name

none

>>>

建立会话

查询

>>> session = create_session()

>>> session

>>> query = session.query(user)

>>> query

>>> u = query.filter_by(name='rsj217').first()

2014-01-09 10:44:23,809 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine select users.id as users_id, users.name as users_name, users.email as users_email

from users

where users.name = ?

limit ? offset ?

2014-01-09 10:44:23,809 info sqlalchemy.engine.base.engine ('rsj217', 1, 0)

>>> u.name

u'rsj217'

>>>

插入

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db')

>>> metadata = metadata(engine)

>>> users_table = table('users', metadata, autoload=true)

>>> class user(object): pass

...

>>> mapper(user, users_table)

>>> session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

>>> session = session()

>>> u = user()

>>> u.name = 'new'

>>> session.add(u)

>>> session.flush()

>>> session.commit()

>>>

注意建立会话的方式， sqlalchemy 的版本不同 sessionmaker 的方式更好

剩下删除 关系 事物等高级操作就参考官方文档了。

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