笨办法学linux dhcp,iptables使用指南(上)

iptables-save用来把当前的规则存入一个文件里以备iptables-restore使用。它的使用很简单，只有两个参数：

iptables-save [-c] [-t table]

参数-c的作用是保存包和字节计数器的值。这可以使我们在重启防火墙后不丢失对包和字节的统计。带-c参数的iptables-save命令使重启防火墙而不中断统计记数程序成为可能。这个参数默认是不使用的。

参数-t指定要保存的表，默认是保存所有的表。下面给出未装载任何规则的情况下iptables-save的输出。

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

*filter

:INPUT ACCEPT [404:19766]

:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [530:43376]

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

*mangle

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [451:22060]

:INPUT ACCEPT [451:22060]

:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [594:47151]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [594:47151]

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

*nat

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3:450]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [3:450]

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002

我们来解释一下这个输出格式。#后面的是注释。表都以*开始，例如*mangle。每个表都包含链和规则，链的详细说明是:[:]。例如，链的名字是 PREROUTING，策略是ACCEPT，然后是包记数器和字节计数器，这两个计数器和iptables -L -v输出中用到的计数器一样。每个表的描述都以关键字COMMIT结束，它说明在这一点，就要把规则装入内核了。

上面的例子是最基本的，我想用一个简短的例子说明会更好，其中包含一个非常小的规则集。iptables-save的输出如下：

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

*filter

:INPUT DROP [1:229]

:FORWARD DROP [0:0]

:OUTPUT DROP [0:0]

-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

-A FORWARD -i eth0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

-A FORWARD -i eth1 -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

-A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

*mangle

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [658:32445]

:INPUT ACCEPT [658:32445]

:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [891:68234]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [891:68234]

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

*nat

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [1:229]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3:450]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [3:450]

-A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 195.233.192.1

COMMIT

# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:55 2002

每个命令前都有包和字节计数器，这说明使用了-c参数。除了有计数器，其他的都和普通的脚本一样。现在的问题是怎么把输出保存到文件中。非常简单，既然使用linux，你应该早就知道了，用重定向啊：

iptables-save -c > /etc/iptables-save

这就会把规则集保存到/etc/iptables-save中，而且还有计数器。