1051 mysql 主从_mysql主从

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最新推荐文章于 2023-03-24 10:52:03 发布

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文章标签： 1051 mysql 主从

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30296995/article/details/113351185

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1. 主从简介

为了解决以下典型两个问题，我们导入主从学习

用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？

业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？

1.1 主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换

读写分离，提供查询服务

备份，避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

一主一从

主主复制

一主多从---扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的

多主一从---5.7开始支持

联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程

从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程

I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志) 文件中

SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

1)确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

2)在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

3)配置主数据库(修改配置文件)

4)配置从数据库(修改配置文件)

需求：搭建三台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，其它两台作为从服务器(其中一项主从为主库中存有数据，另一项主库中没有数据)，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色IP应用与系统版本有无数据

主数据库

192.168.56.20

centos7/redhat7

mysql-5.7

先没有数据，后面创建数据

从数据库

192.168.56.22

centos7/redhat7

mysql-5.7

无数据

从数据库

192.168.56.23

centos7/redhat7

mysql-5.7

无数据

3.1 mysql安装

分别在主从三台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本

安装主服务器(192.168.56.20)

//解压安装包至/usr/local下

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/

//创建用户和组

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# groupadd -r mysql

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql

//创建软链接并修改/usr/local/mysql目录属组

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql

"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/"

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql*

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# ll |grep mysql

lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 5月 15 22:55 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

drwxr-xr-x 9 mysql mysql 129 5月 15 22:46 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64

//添加环境变量

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

//建立数据存放目录

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mkdir /opt/data

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ll /opt/data -d

drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 5月 15 23:02 /opt/data

//初始化数据库

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data

2019-05-15T15:04:16.463631Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).

2019-05-15T15:04:16.837927Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790

2019-05-15T15:04:16.899304Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.

2019-05-15T15:04:17.011781Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: b58e7a1c-7722-11e9-b5d5-000c29fc116c.

2019-05-15T15:04:17.012413Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.

2019-05-15T15:04:17.013201Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: e88-hL,1?YRT//此处临时密码为:e88-hL,1?YRT

//修改配置文件

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

datadir=/opt/data

socket=/tmp/mysql.sock

//配置服务启动脚本

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

//启动mysql

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld start

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl|grep 3306

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//修改密码

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p'e88-hL,1?YRT' -e 'set password=password("liu123!");' --connect-expired-password

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

从服务器(192.168.56.22 和 192.168.56.23)的安装和上类似，此处略

3.2 mysql主从配置之主、从数据库均为初始化，没有数据

主数据没有数据——从数据库(192.168.56.22)与主数据库(192.168.56.20)均为初始化状态

3.2.1 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'repl'@'192.168.56.22' identified by 'liu123!';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.56.22';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.2.2 配置主数据库

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

datadir=/opt/data

socket=/tmp/mysql.sock

# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks

symbolic-links=0

//添加下面两行

log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志

server-id=1 //数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小

//重启mysql服务

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart

Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl |grep 3306

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//查看主库的状态

mysql> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

3.2.3 配置从数据库

[root@22liuzhenchao ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

datadir=/opt/data

socket=/tmp/mysql.sock

# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks

symbolic-links=0

//添加下面两行

server-id=2 //设置从库的唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值

relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //启用中继日志relay-log

//重启从库的mysql服务

[root@22liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart

Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@22liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl|grep 3306

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//配置并启动主从复制

mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.56.20',master_user='repl',master_password='liu123!',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=154;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//查看从服务器状态

mysql> show slave status \G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 192.168.56.20

Master_User: repl

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001

Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154

Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002

Relay_Log_Pos: 320

Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001

Slave_IO_Running: Yes //此处必须为Yes

Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //此处必须为Yes

Replicate_Do_DB:

3.2.4 测试验证

在主服务器中创建库liuzhenchao,并插入表student

mysql> create database liuzhenchao;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use liuzhenchao;

Database changed

mysql> create table student(id int(10) not null,name varchar(50) not null);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert student values(1,'zhangshan'),(2,'lisi'),(3,'wangwu');

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;

+----+-----------+

| id | name |

+----+-----------+

| 1 | zhangshan |

| 2 | lisi |

| 3 | wangwu |

+----+-----------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql> select * from liuzhenchao.student;

+----+-----------+

| id | name |

+----+-----------+

| 1 | zhangshan |

| 2 | lisi |

| 3 | wangwu |

+----+-----------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.3 mysql主从配置之主数据库有数据

主数据库中有数据——从数据库(192.168.56.23)为初始化状态；主数据库(192.168.56.20)中有创建的数据

3.3.1 为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

//先查看主库有哪些库

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p'liu123!' -e 'show databases;'

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| liuzhenchao |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

+--------------------+

//再查看从库有哪些库

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p'liu123!' -e 'show databases;'

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

+--------------------+

//全备主库

//全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致

mysql> flush tables with read lock;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出

//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'liu123!' --all-databases > /opt/all-201905151640.sql

mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls /opt |grep all

all-201905151640.sql

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# scp /opt/all-201905151640.sql root@192.168.56.23:/opt/

root@192.168.56.23's password:

all-201905151640.sql 100% 784KB 13.2MB/s 00:00

//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库，确保与主库一致

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p'liu123!' < /opt/all-201905151640.sql

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p'liu123!' -e 'show databases;'

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| liuzhenchao |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

+--------------------+

//解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可

mysql> quit

Bye

3.3.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.56.23' identified by 'liu123!';

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.3.3 配置主数据库

//重启mysql服务

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart

Shutting down MySQL............ SUCCESS!

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl|grep 3306

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//查看主库的状态

mysql> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

| mysql-bin.000002 | 154 | | | |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.3.4 配置从数据库

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

datadir=/opt/data

socket=/tmp/mysql.sock

# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks

symbolic-links=0

//添加如下内容

relay-log=mysql-relay-bin

server-id=3

//重启从库的mysql服务

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart

Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@23liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl|grep 3306

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//配置并启动主从复制

mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.56.20',master_user='repl',master_password='liu123!',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=154;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.30 sec)

mysql> start slave;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//查看从服务器状态

mysql> show slave status\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event

Master_Host: 192.168.56.20

Master_User: repl

Master_Port: 3306

Connect_Retry: 60

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002