C Language Programmer Interview

C Language Programmer Interview

 

● What does static variable mean?
● What is a pointer?
● What is a structure?
● What are the differences between structures and arrays?
● In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
● What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()?
● What are macros? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
● Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
● What is static identifier?
● Where are the auto variables stored?
● Where does global, static, local, register variables, free memory and C Program instructions get stored?
● Difference between arrays and linked list?
● What are enumerations?
● Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register variables?
● What are register variables? What are the advantage of using register variables?
● What is the use of typedef?
● Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how?
● Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why?
● Difference between strdup and strcpy?
● What is recursion?
● Differentiate between a for loop and a while loop? What are it uses?
● What are the different storage classes in C?
● Write down the equivalent pointer expression for referring the same element a[i][j][k][l]?
● What is difference between Structure and Unions?
● What the advantages of using Unions?
● What are the advantages of using pointers in a program?
● What is the difference between Strings and Arrays?
● In a header file whether functions are declared or defined?
● What is a far pointer? where we use it?
● How will you declare an array of three function pointers where each function receives two ints and returns a float?
● What is a NULL Pointer? Whether it is same as an uninitialized pointer?
● What is a NULL Macro? What is the difference between a NULL Pointer and a NULL Macro?
● What does the error 'Null Pointer Assignment' mean and what causes this error?
● What is near, far and huge pointers? How many bytes are occupied by them?
● How would you obtain segment and offset addresses from a far address of a memory location?
● Are the expressions arr and *arr same for an array of integers?
● Does mentioning the array name gives the base address in all the contexts?
● Explain one method to process an entire string as one unit?
● What is the similarity between a Structure, Union and enumeration?
● Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself?
● How can we check whether the contents of two structure variables are same or not?
● How are Structure passing and returning implemented by the complier?
● How can we read/write Structures from/to data files?
● What is the difference between an enumeration and a set of pre-processor # defines?
● What do the 'c' and 'v' in argc and argv stand for?
● Are the variables argc and argv are local to main?
● What is the maximum combined length of command line arguments including the space between adjacent arguments?
● If we want that any wildcard characters in the command line arguments should be appropriately expanded, are we required to make any special provision? If yes, which?
● Does there exist any way to make the command line arguments available to other functions without passing them as arguments to the function?
● What are bit fields? What is the use of bit fields in a Structure declaration?
● To which numbering system can the binary number 1101100100111100 be easily converted to?
● Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
● Which bit wise operator is suitable for turning off a particular bit in a number?
● Which bit wise operator is suitable for putting on a particular bit in a number?
● Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
● Which one is equivalent to multiplying by 2? Left shifting a number by 1
● Left shifting an unsigned int or char by 1?
● Write a program to compare two strings without using the strcmp() function.
● Write a program to concatenate two strings.
● Write a program to interchange 2 variables without using the third one.
● Write programs for String Reversal. The same for Palindrome check.
● Write a program to find the Factorial of a number.
● Write a program to generate the Fibonacci Series?
● Write a program which employs Recursion?
● Write a program which uses command line arguments.
● Write a program which uses functions like strcmp(), strcpy(), etc.
● What are the advantages of using typedef in a program?
● How would you dynamically allocate a one-dimensional and two-dimensional array of integers?
● How can you increase the size of a dynamically allocated array?
● How can you increase the size of a statically allocated array?
● When reallocating memory if any other pointers point into the same piece of memory do you have to readjust these other pointers or do they get readjusted automatically?
● Which function should be used to free the memory allocated by calloc()?
● How much maximum can you allocate in a single call to malloc()?
● Can you dynamically allocate arrays in expanded memory?
● What is object file? How can you access object file?
● Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can accept variable number of arguments?
● Can you write a function similar to printf()?
● How can a called function determine the number of arguments that have been passed to it?
● Can there be at least some solution to determine the number of arguments passed to a variable argument list function?
● How do you declare the following:
● An array of three pointers to chars
● An array of three char pointers
● A pointer to array of three chars
● A pointer to function which receives an int pointer and returns a float pointer
● A pointer to a function which receives nothing and returns nothing
● What do the functions atoi(), itoa() and gcvt() do?
● Does there exist any other function which can be used to convert an integer or a float to a string?
● How would you use qsort() function to sort an array of structures?
● How would you use qsort() function to sort the name stored in an array of pointers to string?
● How would you use bsearch() function to search a name stored in array of pointers to string?
● How would you use the functions sin(), pow(), sqrt()?
● How would you use the functions memcpy(), memset(), memmove()?
● How would you use the functions fseek(), freed(), fwrite() and ftell()?
● How would you obtain the current time and difference between two times?
● How would you use the functions randomize() and random()?
● How would you implement a substr() function that extracts a sub string from a given string?
● What is the difference between the functions rand(), random(), srand() and randomize()?
● What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()?
● How do you print a string on the printer?
● Can you use the function fprintf() to display the output on the screen?

 

Some good C++ questions to ask a job applicant

 

● How do you decide which integer type to use?
● What should the 64-bit integer type on new, 64-bit machines be?
● What's the best way to declare and define global variables?
● What does extern mean in a function declaration?
● What's the auto keyword good for?
● I can't seem to define a linked list node which contains a pointer to itself.
● How do I declare an array of N pointers to functions returning pointers to functions returning pointers to characters?
● How can I declare a function that returns a pointer to a function of its own type?
● My compiler is complaining about an invalid redeclaration of a function, but I only define it once and call it once, What's happening?
● What can I safely assume about the initial values of variables which are not explicitly initialized?
● Why can't I initialize a local array with a string?
● What is the difference between char a[] = "string"; and char *p = "string"; ?
● How do I initialize a pointer to a function? 
 

Q & A

 

Q. What is pure virtual function?
A class is made abstract by declaring one or more of its virtual functions to be pure. A pure virtual function is one with an initializer of = 0 in its declaration

Q. Write a Struct Time where integer m, h, s are its members
struct Time
{
int m;
int h;
int s;
};

how do you traverse a Btree in Backward in-order?
Process the node in the right subtree
Process the root
Process the node in the left subtree

Q. What is the two main roles of Operating System?
As a resource manager
As a virtual machine

Q. In the derived class, which data member of the base class are visible?
In the public and protected sections.

What is a modifier? A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as 'mutators'. Example: The function mod is a modifier in the following code snippet:

class test
{
    int x,y;
    public:
     test()
     {
         x=0; y=0;
     }
 void mod()
     {
        x=10;
        y=15;
     }
};

Q. What is an accessor? An accessor is a class operation that does not modify the state of an object. The accessor functions need to be declared as const operations
 
Q. Differentiate between a template class and class template.
Template class: A generic definition or a parameterized class not instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It's jargon for plain templates. Class template: A class template specifies how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It's jargon for plain classes.

Q. When does a name clash occur?
A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes. Define namespace. It is a feature in C++ to
minimize name collisions in the global name space. This namespace keyword assigns a distinct name to a library that allows other libraries to use the same identifier names without creating any name collisions. Furthermore, the compiler uses the namespace signature for differentiating the definitions.

Q. What is the use of 'using' declaration?
A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace without the scope operator.

Q. What is an Iterator class?
A class that is used to traverse through the objects maintained by a container class. There are five categories of iterators: input iterators, output iterators, forward iterators, bidirectional iterators, random access. An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents of a container object without violating encapsulation constraints. Access to the contents is granted on a one-at-a-time basis in order. The order can be storage order (as in lists and queues) or some arbitrary order (as in array indices) or according to some ordering relation (as in an ordered binary tree). The iterator is a construct, which provides an interface that, when called, yields either the next element in the container, or
some value denoting the fact that there are no more elements to examine. Iterators hide the details of access to and update of the elements of a container class. The simplest and safest iterators are those that permit read-only access to the contents of a container class.

Q. List out some of the OODBMS available.
GEMSTONE/OPAL of Gemstone systems, ONTOS of Ontos, Objectivity of Objectivity Inc, Versant of Versant object technology, Object store of Object Design, ARDENT of ARDENT software, POET of POET software.

Q. List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.
Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994), Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991), Object Modelling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991), Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992), Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992), The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).

Q. What is an incomplete type?
Incomplete types refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location whose value is not available for modification.

int *i=0x400  // i points to address 400
*i=0;     //set the value of memory location pointed by i.

Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.

Q. What is a dangling pointer?
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the memory block after it is freed. The following code snippet shows this:

class Sample
{
public:
        int *ptr;
        Sample(int i)
        {
         ptr = new int(i);
        }
         ~Sample()
        {
         delete ptr;
        }
        void PrintVal()
        {
         cout << "The value is " << *ptr;
        }
};
 void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
 cout << "Say i am in someFunc " << endl;
}
 int main()
{
 Sample s1 = 10;
 SomeFunc(s1);
 s1.PrintVal();
}

In the above example when PrintVal() function is called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the destructor in SomeFunc.

Q. Differentiate between the message and method.
Message: Objects communicate by sending messages to each other. A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method: Provides response to a message. It is an implementation of an operation.

Q. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?
A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non-object-oriented implementation.

Q. What is a Null object?
It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to return an object with some specified properties but cannot find such an object.

Q. What is class invariant?
A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.

Q. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?
It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.

Q. Define precondition and post-condition to a member function.
Precondition: A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For example, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation. Post-condition: A post-condition is a condition that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.

Q. What are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the class?
The condition should hold at the end of every constructor.
The condition should hold at the end of every mutator (non-const) operation.

Q. What are proxy objects?
Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.

template <class t="">
class Array2D
{
 public:
        class Array1D
        {
         public:
          T& operator[] (int index);
          const T& operator[] (int index)const;
        };
         Array1D operator[] (int index);
        const Array1D operator[] (int index) const;
};

The following then becomes legal:

Array2D<float>data(10,20);
cout<<data[3][6];     //  fine

Here data[3] yields an Array1D object and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in position(3,6) of the original two dimensional array. Clients of the Array2D class need not be aware of the presence of the Array1D class.
Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each Array1D object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example, Array1D is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.

Name some pure object oriented languages. Smalltalk, Java, Eiffel, Sather.
Name the operators that cannot be overloaded. sizeof, ., .*, .->, ::, ?: Salam in the comments notes that -> can be overloaded.

Q. What is a node class?
A node class is a class that, relies on the base class for services and implementation, provides a wider interface to the users than its base class, relies primarily on virtual functions in its public interface depends on all its direct and indirect base class can be understood only in the context of the base class can be used as base for further derivation
can be used to create objects. A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.

Q. What is an orthogonal base class?
If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not interfere with each other in any way. The same derived class may inherit such classes with no difficulty.

Q. What is a container class? What are the types of container classes?
A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a well-known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group
of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.

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