笔记:
“散列码”就是用来把一堆对象散到各自的队列里去的一种标识码。
举个形象一点的例子,一年有 365 天,从 1 编号到 365,下面我定义一种编码方法,每个人按照他生日那天的编号作为他的标识码,这样,一群人每个人就会有一个标识码。
这个标识码有什么用呢?好,下面我说,请所有单号的人站到一起,所有双号的人站在一起。此后,当我要找一个人的时候,如果知道他的编号是单号,那我只需要到前面一堆人里去找,查找效率提高了一倍。
如果我说,请编号能被 16 整除的人站到一起,被 16 除余 1 的人站到一起,被 16 除余 2 的人站到一起…… 此后,当我要找一个人的时候,查找效率就会提高到 16 倍。
这就是散列码。所以,一个好的散列码算法,配合一个适当的存储机制,就能够实现高效的存储管理。
那么,不好的散列码算法会有多糟糕呢?比如,hashCode() 返回一个常量,那么,无论什么存储机制都会退化,所有的人都站在一堆里,查找效率无法提高。不过,也就只是影响效率,不会影响“正确性”,因为散列码的本性决定了,所有的算法都不应该假设两个不同的对象必须有不同的散列码。
总结:
EqualsTest:
package equals; /** * 此程序实现了Employee类和Manager类的equals,hashCode和toString方法 * @author 大凌轩 * */ public class EqualsTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15); Employee alice2 = alice1; Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15); Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1); System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2)); System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3)); System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3)); System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob)); System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob); Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15); Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15); boss.setBonus(5000); System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss); System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss)); System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode()); System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode()); System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode()); System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode()); } }
Employee:
package equals; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.util.Objects; public class Employee { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } public boolean equals(Object otherObject) { // a quick test to see if the objects are identical if (this == otherObject) return true; // must return false if the explicit parameter is null if (otherObject == null) return false; // if the classes don't match, they can't be equal if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false; // now we know otherObject is a non-null Employee Employee other = (Employee) otherObject; // test whether the fields have identical values return Objects.equals(name, other.name) && salary == other.salary && Objects.equals(hireDay, other.hireDay); } public int hashCode() { return Objects.hash(name, salary, hireDay); } public String toString() { return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ", salary=" + salary + ", hireDay=" + hireDay + "]"; } }
Manager:
package equals; public class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name, salary, year, month, day); bonus = 0; } public double getSalary() { double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double bonus) { this.bonus = bonus; } public boolean equals(Object otherObject) { if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false; Manager other = (Manager) otherObject; // super.equals checked that this and other belong to the same class return bonus == other.bonus; } public int hashCode() { return super.hashCode() + 17 * new Double(bonus).hashCode(); } public String toString() { return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]"; } }