mysql单表约束为_MySQL单表查询操作实例详解【语法、约束、分组、聚合、过滤、排序等】...

本文实例讲述了MySQL单表查询操作。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:

语法

一、单表查询的语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名

WHERE 条件

GROUP BY field

HAVING 筛选

ORDER BY field

LIMIT 限制条数

二、关键字的执行优先级(重点)

重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级

from

where

group by

having

select

distinct

order by

limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

5.执行select

6.去重

7.将结果按条件排序:order by

8.限制结果的显示条数

(1)where 约束

where运算符

where子句中可以使用

1.比较运算符:>、=、<=、<>、!=

2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之间

3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30

4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符,_表示一个字符

5.逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

(2)group by 分组查询

#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

#2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等

#3、为何要分组呢?

取每个部门的最高工资

取每个部门的员工数

取男人数和女人数

小窍门:‘每'这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据

#4、大前提:

可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

当执行以下sql语句的时候,没有报错,但本身是没有意义的

mysql> select * from employee group by post;

+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |

| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |

| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |

| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |

+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

设置sql_mode为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,并且退出,再进入才会生效

mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再次进入

mysql> select @@sql_mode;

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| @@sql_mode |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mysql> select * from emp group by post;//现在的情况下就会报错

ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'group statement'

mysql> select * from employee group by post;

ERROR 1055 (42000): 't1.employee.id' isn't in GROUP BY

mysql> select post from employee group by post;

+-----------------------------------------+

| post |

+-----------------------------------------+

| operation |

| sale |

| teacher |

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |

+-----------------------------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

或者如下使用

mysql> select name,post from employee group by post,name;

+------------+-----------------------------------------+

| name | post |

+------------+-----------------------------------------+

| 张野 | operation |

| 程咬金 | operation |

| 程咬铁 | operation |

| 程咬铜 | operation |

| 程咬银 | operation |

| 丁丁 | sale |

| 丫丫 | sale |

| 星星 | sale |

| 格格 | sale |

| 歪歪 | sale |

| alex | teacher |

| jingliyang | teacher |

| jinxin | teacher |

| liwenzhou | teacher |

| wupeiqi | teacher |

| xiaomage | teacher |

| yuanhao | teacher |

| egon | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |

+------------+-----------------------------------------+

18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;

+-----------------------------------------+-----------+

| post | count(id) |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------+

| operation | 5 |

| sale | 5 |

| teacher | 7 |

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)聚合函数

max()求最大值

min()求最小值

avg()求平均值

sum() 求和

count() 求总个数

#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

# 每个部门有多少个员工

select post,count(id) from employee group by post;

# 每个部门的最高薪水

select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;

# 每个部门的最低薪水

select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;

# 每个部门的平均薪水

select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;

# 每个部门的所有薪水

select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

(4)HAVING过滤

HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于

#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having

#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;

+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |

+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000;

ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause

# 必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数,将所有的name值连接

mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ##错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段

ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'field list'

练习

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数

2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资

3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资

答案

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;

+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

| operation | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野 | 5 |

| sale | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪 | 5 |

| teacher | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex | 7 |

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;

+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |

+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |

+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#题2:

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;

+-----------+---------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+---------------+

| operation | 16800.026000 |

| teacher | 151842.901429 |

+-----------+---------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#题3:

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;

+-----------+--------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+--------------+

| operation | 16800.026000 |

+-----------+--------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(5)order by 查询排序

按单列排序

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序

SELECT * from employee

ORDER BY age ASC,

id DESC;

(5)limit  限制查询的记录数:

示例:

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

练习:每次显示5条

# 第1页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;

+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |

| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |

| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 |

+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 第2页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 8 | xiaomage | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |

| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 第3页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;

+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |

| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |

| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |

| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |

| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |

+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

希望本文所述对大家MySQL数据库计有所帮助。

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