- 元信息
- 多表关系
- 反向查找
- ORM操作
- 进阶操作
- 其它操作
- 高效率关联表
- models自带验证
- models内置钩子
- from,choices
- Form类
- From内置钩子验证
- obj.is_valid()错误信息
- From验证
1,元信息
class UserInfo(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Meta:
# 数据库中生成的表名称 默认 app名称 + 下划线 + 类名
db_table = "table_name"
# 联合索引
index_together = [
("pub_date", "deadline"),
]
# 联合唯一索引
unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
# admin中显示的表名称
verbose_name
# verbose_name加s
verbose_name_plural
#最前缀的模式
select * from where name='xxx'
select * from where name='xxx' and email='xx'
select * from where email='xx' 无法命中
unique_together = (("driver","restaurant"),)
https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html
2,多表关系
ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
to_field=None, # 要关联的表中的字段名称
on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为
- models.CASCADE,删除关联数据,与之关联也删除
- models.DO_NOTHING,删除关联数据,引发错误IntegrityError
- models.PROTECT,删除关联数据,引发错误ProtectedError
- models.SET_NULL,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为null(前提FK字段需要设置为可空)
- models.SET_DEFAULT,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为默认值(前提FK字段需要设置默认值)
- models.SET,删除关联数据,
a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值,设置:models.SET(值)
b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值,设置:models.SET(可执行对象)
def func():
return 10
class MyModel(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(
to="User",
to_field="id"
on_delete=models.SET(func),)
related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件:
# 如:
- limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
- limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
from django.db.models import Q
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
db_constraint=True # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
parent_link=False # 在Admin中是否显示关联数据
OneToOneField(ForeignKey)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
to_field=None # 要关联的表中的字段名称
on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为
###### 对于一对一 ######
# 1. 一对一其实就是 一对多 + 唯一索引
# 2.当两个类之间有继承关系时,默认会创建一个一对一字段
# 如下会在A表中额外增加一个c_ptr_id列且唯一:
class C(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
part = models.CharField(max_length=12)
class A(C):
id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
code = models.CharField(max_length=1)
ManyToManyField(RelatedField)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件:
# 如:
- limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
- limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
from django.db.models import Q
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
symmetrical=None, # 仅用于多对多自关联时,symmetrical用于指定内部是否创建反向操作的字段
# 做如下操作时,不同的symmetrical会有不同的可选字段
models.BB.objects.filter(...)
# 可选字段有:code, id, m1
class BB(models.Model):
code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True)
# 可选字段有: bb, code, id, m1
class BB(models.Model):
code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False)
through=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表
through_fields=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表中那些字段做多对多关系表
from django.db import models
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
class Group(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
members = models.ManyToManyField(
Person,
through='Membership',
through_fields=('group', 'person'),
)
class Membership(models.Model):
group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
inviter = models.ForeignKey(
Person,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name="membership_invites",
)
invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
db_constraint=True, # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
db_table=None, # 默认创建第三张表时,数据库中表的名称
3,反向操作
from django db import models
class UserType(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class User(models.Model):
user = models.CharField(max_length=64)
pwd = models.CharField(max_length=64)
ut = models.FareignKey(to='UserType',to_field='id')
v = User.objects.all()
for item in v:
item.user
item.pwd
item.ut.name
User.objects.all().values('user','ut_name')
###
v = UserType.objects.all()
for item in v:
item.name
item.id
item.user_set.all()
UserType.objects.all().values('name','user_set')
4,ORM操作
# 增
#
# models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo') 增加一条数据,可以接受字典类型数据 **kwargs
# obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo')
# obj.save()
# 查
#
# models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 获取单条数据,不存在则报错(不建议)
# models.Tb1.objects.all() # 获取全部
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据
# 删
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 删除指定条件的数据
# 改
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0') # 将指定条件的数据更新,均支持 **kwargs
# obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1)
# obj.c1 = '111'
# obj.save() # 修改单条数据基本操作
5,进阶操作
# 获取个数
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count()
# 大于,小于
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值
# in
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in
# isnull 是否为空
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True)
# contains (like)
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven")
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven")
# range 范围
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and
# 其他类似 xxx开头 xx结尾
#
# startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith,
# order by 排序
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc 正向排序
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc 逆向排序
# group by 分组 统计
#
# from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num'))
# SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id"
# limit 、offset 分页
#
# models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20]
# regex正则匹配,iregex 不区分大小写
#
# Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +')
# Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +')
按时间查找
# date
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
# year
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005)
# month
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6)
# day
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3)
# week_day
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2)
# hour
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23)
# Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12)
# minute
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29)
# Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29)
# second
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31)
# Event.objects.filter(time__second=2)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
6,其他操作
##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################
def all(self)
# 获取所有的数据对象
def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
def select_related(self, *fields)
性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。
model.tb.objects.all().select_related()
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段')
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段')
def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。
# 获取所有用户表
# 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID)
models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段')
from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField
Article.objects.annotate(
numviews=Count(Case(
When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1),
output_field=CharField(),
))
)
students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum(
models.Case(
models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1),
default=0,
output_field=models.IntegerField()
)))
def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 用于实现聚合group by查询
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
def distinct(self, *field_names)
# 用于distinct去重
models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
# select distinct nid from userinfo
注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重
def order_by(self, *field_names)
# 用于排序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')
def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
# 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
def reverse(self):
# 倒序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
# 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序
def defer(self, *fields):
models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
#映射中排除某列数据
def only(self, *fields):
#仅取某个表中的数据
models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')
def using(self, alias):
指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置)
##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################
def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
# 执行原生SQL
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')
# 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')
# 为原生SQL设置参数
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])
# 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名
name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)
# 指定数据库
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")
################### 原生SQL ###################
from django.db import connection, connections
cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)
def values(self, *fields):
# 获取每行数据为字典格式
def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
# 获取每行数据为元祖
def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容
# kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日)
# order只能是:"ASC" "DESC"
# 并获取转换后的时间
- year : 年-01-01
- month: 年-月-01
- day : 年-月-日
models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')
def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间
# kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
# order只能是:"ASC" "DESC"
# tzinfo时区对象
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))
"""
pip3 install pytz
import pytz
pytz.all_timezones
pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
"""
def none(self):
# 空QuerySet对象
####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################
def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}
def count(self):
# 获取个数
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取单个对象
def create(self, **kwargs):
# 创建对象
def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
# 批量插入
# batch_size表示一次插入的个数
objs = [
models.DDD(name='r11'),
models.DDD(name='r22')
]
models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)
def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建
# defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})
def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建
# defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})
def first(self):
# 获取第一个
def last(self):
# 获取最后一个
def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
# 根据主键ID进行查找
id_list = [11,21,31]
models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)
def delete(self):
# 删除
def update(self, **kwargs):
# 更新
def exists(self):
# 是否有结果
其他操作
select id,count(id) from tab1 group by id having count(id) > 15;
#Entry 跨表查询 select,where
#select
Entry.objects.filter().extra(select={'cid': "%s"},select_params=[1])
select * 1 as cid from tab1;
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol = %s" },select_params=[1])
select * (select name from tab2 where nid = id) as new_id from tab1;
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "func(id)"})
select * (select name from tb2 where nid = id) as new_id from tab1;
#where
Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=1','nid>1'])
Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=1 or nid=1'])
Entry.objects.extra(where=['func(ctime)=1 or nid=1'],params=[])
7,高效率关联表
select_related
users = models.User.objects.all().select_related('ut')
for row in users:
print(row.user,row.pwd,row.ut_id)
print(row.ut.name)
print(row.tu.name) #再发一次SQL请求
prefetch_related
users = models.User.objects.filter(id_gt=30).prefetch_related('ut','tu')
select * from users where id > 30
select * from user_type where id in [1,2]
for row in users:
print(row.user,row.pwd,row.ut_id)
print(row.ut.name)
8,models自带验证
obj = models.UserInfo(name='alex',email='alex')
obj.full_clean()
obj.save()
return HttpResponse('index')
9,models内置钩子
class UserInfo(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
c = UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.name).count()
if c:
raise ValidationError(message='用户名已经存在',code='li')
##############
from django.forms import vidgets
class UserInForm(forms.Form):
user = fields.CharField(
required=False,
widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
pwd = fields.CharField(
max_length=12,
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
#f 验证
#生成HTML (保留上一次提交的数据)
#新URL方式操作(Form方式)
#Ajax请求 验证(*) + 生成HTML 验证(*)
10,from,choices
models.py
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class UserInfo(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField()
def clean(self):
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
c = UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.name).count()
if c:
raise ValidationError(message='用户名已经存在',code='li')
class UserType(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
def __str__(self):
return self.name
###########
from.py
from django.forms import widgets
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from app import models
from django.forms.models import ModelChoiceField,ModelMultipleChoiceField
class UserInfoForm(forms.Form):
user = fields.CharField(
required=False,
widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
pwd = fields.CharField(
max_length=12,
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
user_type = fields.ChoiceField(
choices = [],
widget=widgets.Select
)
user_type2 = fields.ChoiceField(widget=widgets.Select(choices=[]))
#django自带
#ModelMultipleChoiceField多选
user_type3 = ModelChoiceField(
empty_label='请选择类型',
queryset=models.UserType.objects.all(),
to_field_name='id'
)
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(UserInfoForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
self.fields['user_type'].choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','name')
self.fields['user_type2'].widget.choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','name')
#########
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>{{ obj.user }}</p>
<p>{{ obj.pwd }}</p>
<p>{{ obj.user_type }}</p>
<p>{{ obj.user_type2 }}</p>
<p>{{ obj.user_type3 }}</p>
</body>
</html>
11,Form类
创建Form类时,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于自动生成HTML;
1、Django内置字段如下:
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html
Field
required=True, 是否允许为空
widget=None, HTML插件
label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}
show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直)
validators=[], 自定义验证规则
localize=False, 是否支持本地化
disabled=False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix=None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
max_digits=None, 总长度
decimal_places=None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats=None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点:
- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)
required=True, 是否必填
widget=None, 插件,默认select插件
label=None, Label内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据
empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容
to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段
limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']
input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
required=True,
widget=None,
label=None,
initial=None,
help_text=''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符)
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
12,From内置钩子验证
#####
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from app.forms import RegisterForm
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
if request.method == "GET":
obj = RegisterForm()
#传递默认值
#obj = RegisterForm({'user':'alex'})
return render(request,'index.html',{'obj':obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
obj = RegisterForm(request.POST,request.FILES)
obj.is_valid()
####
froms.py
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
class RegisterForm(forms.Form):
user = fields.CharField()
email = fields.EmailField
def clean_user(self):
c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data['user']).count()
if not c:
return self.cleaned_data['user']
else:
raise ValidationError('用户名已经存在',code='xx')
def clean_email(self):
return self.cleaned_data['email']
class LoginFrom(forms.Form):
user = fields.CharField()
pwd = fields.CharField()
#自定义表达式
#pwd = fields.CharField(validators=[])
#验证用户是否存在
def clean_user(self):
c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data['user']).count()
if not c:
return self.cleaned_data['user']
else:
raise ValidationError('用户名已经存在', code='xx')
#验证密码是否正确
def clean(self):
c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data['user'],pwd=self.cleaned_data['password']).count()
if c:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
raise ValidationError('用户名或密码错误')
#其他钩子
def _post_clean(self):
pass
from验证
urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import url,include
#from app import views
from app.views import test
from app.views import account
urlpatterns = [
#path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^index/',test.index),
url(r'^login.html$',account.login),
]
####
index.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from app.forms import UserInfoForm
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
if request.method == "GET":
obj = UserInfoForm()
#传递默认值
#obj = UserInfoForm({'user':'alex'})
return render(request,'index.html',{'obj':obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
obj = UserInfoForm(request.POST,request.FILES)
obj.is_valid()
####
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>login</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="fm">
{% csrf_token %}
<p><input type="text" name="username" /></p>
<p><input type="text" name="password" /></p>
<a id="submit">提交</a>
</form>
<script src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script>
<script>
$(function(){
$('$submit').click(function(){
$.ajax({
url:'/login.html',
type: 'POST',
data: $('#fm').serialize(),
success: function(arg){
arg = JSON.parse(arg);
console.log(arg);
},
error: function(){
}
})
})
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
####
account.py
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django import forms
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
class LoginFrom(forms.Form):
username = fields.CharField()
password = fields.CharField(
max_length=64,
min_length=12,
)
###自定义jsnon 默认json只支持python类型
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
import json
class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
def default(self,field):
if isinstance(field,ValidationError):
return {'code': field.code,'messages':field.message}
else:
return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field)
def login(request):
if request.method == 'GET':
return render(request,'login.html')
elif request.method == "POST":
ret = {'status':True,'error':None,'date':None}
obj = LoginFrom(request.POST)
if obj.is_valid():
print(obj.cleaned_data)
else:
ret['error'] = obj.error.as_data()
result = json.dumps(ret,cls=JsonCustomEncoder)
return HttpResponse(result)
自定义json
第一种
from django.core import serializrs
v = models.tb.objects.all()
data = serializers.serialize("json",v)
第二种
import json
from datetime import date
from datetime import datetime
class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
def default(self,field):
if isinstance(field,datetime):
return field.atrftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%s')
elif isinstance(field,date):
return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
else:
return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field)
v = models.tb.objects.values('id','name','ctime')
v = list(v)
v = json.dumps(v,cls=JsonCustomEncoder)
#####################
v = models.UserType.objects.values('id','name')
v = list(v)
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(v))
登录验证吗
if request,method == POST:
if request.session['CheckCode'].upper() == request.POST.get('check_code').upper():
pass
else:
print('验证码错误')
return render(request,'login.html')
12,obj.is_valid()错误信息
from app01.forms import RegisterForm
from django.core.excptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS
#NON_FIELD_ERRORS = __all__
obj = RegisterForm(request.POST)
if obj.is_valid():
obj.cleand_data
else:
obj.errros
{
"__all__": [],
'user':[{'code':'required','message':'xxx'}],
'pwd':[{'code':'required','message':'xxx'}],
}
14,From验证
from.py
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from repository import models
class RegisterForm(forms.Form):
username = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入用户名'}),
error_messages={'required': '用户名不能为空', 'min_length': '用户名长度不能小于3', 'max_length': '用户名长度不能大于12'},
max_length=12,
min_length=3,
)
email = fields.EmailField(
max_length=32,
min_length=8,
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': '请输入邮箱'}),
error_messages={'required': 'mail不能为空', 'min_length': 'mail长度不能小于32', 'max_length': 'mail长度不能大于12'}
)
password = fields.CharField(
max_length=32,
min_length=3,
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': '请输入密码'}),
error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空', 'min_length': '密码长度不能小于3', 'max_length': '密码长度不能大于32'},
)
passwd = fields.CharField(
max_length=32,
min_length=3,
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': '确认密码'}),
error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空', 'min_length': '密码长度不能小于3', 'max_length': '密码长度不能大于32'},
)
check_code = fields.CharField(
max_length=32,
min_length=3,
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': '请输入验证码'}),
error_messages={'required': '验证不能为空', 'min_length': '验证码长度不能小于3', 'max_length': '验证码长度不能大于32'},
)
def clean_username(self):
user = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=self.cleaned_data['username']).count()
if user:
raise ValidationError('用户名已经存在')
def clean_email(self):
user = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(email=self.cleaned_data['email']).count()
if user:
raise ValidationError('邮箱已经存在')
def clean(self):
if self.cleaned_data['password'] != self.cleaned_data['passwd']:
raise ValidationError('两次密码输入不相同!')
account.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from io import BytesIO
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from utils.check_code import create_validate_code
from repository import models,Froms
import re,json
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
def check_code(request):
"""
验证码
:param request:
:return:
"""
stream = BytesIO()
img, code = create_validate_code()
img.save(stream, 'PNG')
request.session['CheckCode'] = code
return HttpResponse(stream.getvalue())
def login(request):
"""
登陆
:param request:
:return:
"""
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'login.html')
elif request.method == "POST":
if request.session['CheckCode'].upper() == request.POST.get('check_code').upper():
u = request.POST.get('username')
p = request.POST.get('password')
obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=u,password=p).first()
if obj:
request.session['username'] = u
request.session['is_login'] = True
return redirect('home.html')
#return render(request, 'home.html')
else:
return HttpResponse('用户名或密码错误')
else:
print('验证码错误')
return render(request, 'login.html')
def register(request):
"""
注册
:param request:
:return:
"""
ret = {'status': True, 'error': None, 'date': None}
obj = Froms.RegisterForm()
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'register.html',{'obj':obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
obj = Froms.RegisterForm(request.POST)
u = request.POST.get('username')
p = request.POST.get('password')
e = request.POST.get('email')
if obj.is_valid():
models.UserInfo.objects.create(username=u,password=p,email=e)
return redirect('/backend/base-info.html')
else:
ret['error'] = obj.errors.as_data()
#print(ret['error']['username'])
result = json.dumps(ret,cls=JsonCustomEncoder)
test = json.loads(result)
#print( test['error']['__all__'][0])
return render(request,'register.html',{'fm':test,'obj':obj,'pwd':test['error']['__all__'][0]})
# result = json.dumps(ret, cls=JsonCustomEncoder)
# return HttpResponse(result,{'obj':obj})
def logout(request):
"""
注销
:param request:
:return:
"""
pass
def auth(func):
def inner(request,*args,**kwargs):
v = request.session.get('is_login',None)
if not v:
return render(request,'login.html')
return func(request,*args,**kwargs)
return inner
class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
def default(self,field):
if isinstance(field,ValidationError):
return {'code': field.code,'messages': field.messages}
else:
return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field)
models.py
from django.db import models
class UserInfo(models.Model):
"""
用户表
"""
nid = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
username = models.CharField(verbose_name='用户名', max_length=32, unique=True)
password = models.CharField(verbose_name='密码', max_length=64)
nickname = models.CharField(verbose_name='昵称', max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='邮箱', unique=True)
avatar = models.ImageField(verbose_name='头像')
create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建时间', auto_now_add=True)
fans = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name='粉丝们', to='UserInfo', through='UserFans',
through_fields=('user', 'follower'))
class Blog(models.Model):
"""
博客信息
"""
nid = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
title = models.CharField(verbose_name='个人博客标题', max_length=64)
site = models.CharField(verbose_name='个人博客前缀', max_length=32, unique=True)
theme = models.CharField(verbose_name='博客主题', max_length=32)
user = models.OneToOneField(to='UserInfo', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class UserFans(models.Model):
"""
互粉关系表
"""
user = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='博主', to='UserInfo', to_field='nid', related_name='users',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
follower = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='粉丝', to='UserInfo', to_field='nid', related_name='followers',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Meta:
unique_together = [
('user', 'follower'),
]
class Category(models.Model):
"""
博主个人文章分类表
"""
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
title = models.CharField(verbose_name='分类标题', max_length=32)
blog = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='所属博客', to='Blog', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class ArticleDetail(models.Model):
"""
文章详细表
"""
content = models.TextField(verbose_name='文章内容', )
article = models.OneToOneField(verbose_name='所属文章', to='Article', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class UpDown(models.Model):
"""
文章顶或踩
"""
article = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='文章', to='Article', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
user = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='赞或踩用户', to='UserInfo', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
up = models.BooleanField(verbose_name='是否赞')
class Meta:
unique_together = [
('article', 'user'),
]
class Comment(models.Model):
"""
评论表
"""
nid = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
content = models.CharField(verbose_name='评论内容', max_length=255)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建时间', auto_now_add=True)
reply = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='回复评论', to='self', related_name='back', null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
article = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='评论文章', to='Article', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
user = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='评论者', to='UserInfo', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Tag(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标签名称', max_length=32)
blog = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='所属博客', to='Blog', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Article(models.Model):
nid = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
title = models.CharField(verbose_name='文章标题', max_length=128)
summary = models.CharField(verbose_name='文章简介', max_length=255)
read_count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
comment_count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
up_count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
down_count = models.IntegerField(default=0)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建时间', auto_now_add=True)
blog = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='所属博客', to='Blog', to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
category = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='文章类型', to='Category', to_field='nid', null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
type_choices = [
(1, "Python"),
(2, "Linux"),
(3, "OpenStack"),
(4, "GoLang"),
]
article_type = models.IntegerField(choices=type_choices, default=None)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(
to="Tag",
through='Article2Tag',
through_fields=('article', 'tag'),
)
class Article2Tag(models.Model):
article = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='文章', to="Article", to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
tag = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='标签', to="Tag", to_field='nid',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Meta:
unique_together = [
('article', 'tag'),
]
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/edmure.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/commons.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/account.css"/>
<style>
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="register">
<div style="font-size: 25px; font-weight: bold;text-align: center;">
用户注册
</div>
<form role="form" method="POST" id="fm">
{% csrf_token %}
<div class="form-group">
<p>{{ obj.username }}</p>
<span style="color:red">{{ fm.error.username.0 }}</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<p>{{ obj.email }}</p>
<span style="color:red">{{ fm.error.email.0 }}</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<p>{{ obj.password }}</p>
{# <span style="color:red">{{ pwd }}</span>#}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<p>{{ obj.passwd }}</p>
<span style="color:red">{{ pwd }}</span>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="password">验证码</label>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-7">
<p>{{ obj.check_code }}</p>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-5">
<img src="/check_code.html">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input type="submit" class="btn btn-default" value="下一步"/>
</form>
</div>
<script src="/static/js/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script>
<script src="/static/js/jquery.cookie.js"></script>
{#<script src="/static/js/my.js"></script>#}
</body>
</html>