学习内容：
1.模块介绍
2.time &datetime模块
3.random模块
4.os模块
5.sys模块
6.shutil模块
7.json & picle模块
8.shelve模块
9.xml处理
10.yaml处理
11.configparser模块
12.hashlib模块
13.subprocess模块
14.logging模块
15.re正则表达式
1.模块介绍
定义：
用来从逻辑上组织Python代码（变量，函数，类，逻辑：实现一个功能），本质就是.py结尾的Python文件（例如test.py 对应的模块名就是test）
包的定义：用来从逻辑上组织模块的，本质就是一个目录（必须带有一个__init__.py文件）。
导入方法：
import module_name import module1_name,import modulel2_name from module_name import * from module_name import m1,m2.m3
import本质（路径搜索和搜索路径）
导入模块的本质就是把python文件解释一遍，如：
import module_name --->module_name.py----->module_name.py的路径---->sys.path
导入包的本质就是执行该包下的__init__.py文件。
导入优化
from module_test import test
模块分类
A.标准库
B.开源模块
C.自定义模块
2.time 与 datetime模块
Python中，通常有这几种方式来表示时间：
1）时间戳
2）格式化的时间字符串
3）元组（struct_time）共九个元素。
由于Python的time模块实现主要调用C库，所以各个平台可能有所不同。
UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界协调时）亦即格林威治天文时间，世界标准时间。
在中国为UTC+8。
DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令时。
时间戳（timestamp）的方式：
通常来说，时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。
我们运行“type(time.time())”，返回的是float类型。返回时间戳方式的函数主要有time()，clock()等。
元组（struct_time）方式：struct_time元组共有9个元素，返回struct_time的函数主要有gmtime()，localtime()，strptime()。
下面列出这种方式元组中的几个元素：
time模块：
>>> time.time() #返回当前时间戳 1522035652.215034
>>> time.localtime() #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式 time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=11, tm_min=45, tm_sec=8, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=85, tm_isdst=0) >>>
>>> time.gmtime() #当前时间戳转化为UTC time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=3, tm_min=45, tm_sec=54, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=85, tm_isdst=0) >>> time.localtime()#当前时间utc+8 time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=11, tm_min=46, tm_sec=2, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=85, tm_isdst=0)
>>> x = time.localtime() >>> time.mktime(x) #元组转时间戳 1522036050.0 >>>
>>> time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.localtime()) #元组转化格式化字符串 '2018-03-26 11:48:14' >>>
>>> time.strptime('2016-08-23 16:06:54','%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') #格式化字符串转化原组 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=16, tm_min=6, tm_sec=54, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=-1) >>>
strftime("格式"，struct_time)--->"格式化字符串"
strptime("格式化字符串"，“格式”)--->struct_time
>>> time.asctime() 'Mon Mar 26 11:50:02 2018' >>> time.ctime() 'Mon Mar 26 11:50:10 2018' >>> time.ctime(1522035652.215034) #时间戳转特殊格式 'Mon Mar 26 11:40:52 2018' >>>
datetime模块：
>>> import datetime >>> datetime.datetime.now() datetime.datetime(2018, 3, 26, 12, 22, 37, 766518) >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()) 2018-03-26 12:22:45.683983 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(+3)) #三天后的时间 2018-03-29 12:23:08.399578 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(-3)) #三天前的时间 2018-03-23 12:23:11.624363 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #三小时后 2018-03-26 15:23:20.175275 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=-3))#三小时前 2018-03-26 09:23:27.564384
格式参照
%a 本地（locale）简化星期名称 %A 本地完整星期名称 %b 本地简化月份名称 %B 本地完整月份名称 %c 本地相应的日期和时间表示 %d 一个月中的第几天（01 - 31） %H 一天中的第几个小时（24小时制，00 - 23） %I 第几个小时（12小时制，01 - 12） %j 一年中的第几天（001 - 366） %m 月份（01 - 12） %M 分钟数（00 - 59） %p 本地am或者pm的相应符 一 %S 秒（01 - 61） 二 %U 一年中的星期数。（00 - 53星期天是一个星期的开始。）第一个星期天之前的所有天数都放在第0周。 三 %w 一个星期中的第几天（0 - 6，0是星期天） 三 %W 和%U基本相同，不同的是%W以星期一为一个星期的开始。 %x 本地相应日期 %X 本地相应时间 %y 去掉世纪的年份（00 - 99） %Y 完整的年份 %Z 时区的名字（如果不存在为空字符） %% ‘%’字符
时间转换关系
3.random模块
随机浮点数
>>> import random
>>> random.random()
0.38741916300777435
>>> random.random()
0.2726009482506605
>>> random.random()
0.8928518510787847
>>> random.random()
0.12703455294635024
>>> random.random()
0.054001403811667514
整数随机数
>>> random.randint(1,9) #随机1-9不包括9 3 >>> random.uniform(1,9) #指定区间 6.532363738442411 >>>random.randrange(0,5)#指基数递增集合中取随机数
随机获取元素
>>> random.choice('csqzyy')
'y'
从序列中随机取指定长度的片
>>> random.sample('csqzyy', 5)
['c', 'z', 'y', 's', 'y']
洗牌
1 items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] 2 print(items) #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] 3 random.shuffle(items) 4 print(items) #[1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 3, 6]
练习：生成随机数
1 #!/user/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- 3 # Author: cs 4 # 用于生成4位随机验证码 5 import random 6 checkcode = "" 7 for i in range(4): 8 current = random.randrange(0, 4) #生成随机数与循环次数对比 9 current1 = random.randrange(0, 4) 10 if current == i: 11 tmp = chr(random.randint(65, 90)) #65-90为ASCII码表A-Z 12 elif current1 == i: 13 tmp = chr(random.randint(97, 122)) #97-122为ASCII码a-z 14 else: 15 tmp = random.randint(0, 9) 16 checkcode += str(tmp) 17 print(checkcode)
注意：该python文件名为“random”，运行时可能会出现 AttributeError: module 'random' has no attribute 'randrange'错误提示，后来文件名改为“random1”就可以了
4.OS模块
提供对操作系统进行调用的接口
1 os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 2 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd 3 os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') 4 os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') 5 os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录 6 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 7 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname 8 os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname 9 os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 10 os.remove() 删除一个文件 11 os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录 12 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 13 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" 14 os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" 15 os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 16 os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' 17 os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示 18 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 19 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 20 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 21 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 22 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 23 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False 24 os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True 25 os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False 26 os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False 27 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 28 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 29 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
5.sys模块
1 sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 2 sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) 3 sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 4 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 5 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 6 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 7 sys.stdout.write('please:') 8 val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
6.shutil模块
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
1 def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): 2 """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" 3 while 1: 4 buf = fsrc.read(length) 5 if not buf: 6 break 7 fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
1 def copyfile(src, dst): 2 """Copy data from src to dst""" 3 if _samefile(src, dst): 4 raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) 5 6 for fn in [src, dst]: 7 try: 8 st = os.stat(fn) 9 except OSError: 10 # File most likely does not exist 11 pass 12 else: 13 # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) 14 if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): 15 raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) 16 17 with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: 18 with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: 19 copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
1 def copystat(src, dst): 2 """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" 3 st = os.stat(src) 4 mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) 5 if hasattr(os, 'utime'): 6 os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) 7 if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): 8 os.chmod(dst, mode) 9 if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): 10 try: 11 os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) 12 except OSError, why: 13 for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': 14 if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): 15 break 16 else: 17 raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
1 def copy(src, dst): 2 """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). 3 4 The destination may be a directory. 5 6 """ 7 if os.path.isdir(dst): 8 dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) 9 copyfile(src, dst) 10 copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
1 def copy2(src, dst): 2 """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). 3 4 The destination may be a directory. 5 6 """ 7 if os.path.isdir(dst): 8 dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) 9 copyfile(src, dst) 10 copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
1 def ignore_patterns(*patterns): 2 """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. 3 4 Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns 5 that are used to exclude files""" 6 def _ignore_patterns(path, names): 7 ignored_names = [] 8 for pattern in patterns: 9 ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) 10 return set(ignored_names) 11 return _ignore_patterns 12 13 def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): 14 """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). 15 16 The destination directory must not already exist. 17 If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. 18 19 If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the 20 source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if 21 it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic 22 links are copied. 23 24 The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it 25 is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory 26 being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of 27 `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): 28 29 callable(src, names) -> ignored_names 30 31 Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be 32 called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a 33 list of names relative to the `src` directory that should 34 not be copied. 35 36 XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. 37 38 """ 39 names = os.listdir(src) 40 if ignore is not None: 41 ignored_names = ignore(src, names) 42 else: 43 ignored_names = set() 44 45 os.makedirs(dst) 46 errors = [] 47 for name in names: 48 if name in ignored_names: 49 continue 50 srcname = os.path.join(src, name) 51 dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) 52 try: 53 if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): 54 linkto = os.readlink(srcname) 55 os.symlink(linkto, dstname) 56 elif os.path.isdir(srcname): 57 copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) 58 else: 59 # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types 60 copy2(srcname, dstname) 61 # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can 62 # continue with other files 63 except Error, err: 64 errors.extend(err.args[0]) 65 except EnvironmentError, why: 66 errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) 67 try: 68 copystat(src, dst) 69 except OSError, why: 70 if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): 71 # Copying file access times may fail on Windows 72 pass 73 else: 74 errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) 75 if errors: 76 raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
1 def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, οnerrοr=None): 2 """Recursively delete a directory tree. 3 4 If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror 5 is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, 6 path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; 7 path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and 8 exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors 9 is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. 10 11 """ 12 if ignore_errors: 13 def onerror(*args): 14 pass 15 elif onerror is None: 16 def onerror(*args): 17 raise 18 try: 19 if os.path.islink(path): 20 # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 21 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") 22 except OSError: 23 onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) 24 # can't continue even if onerror hook returns 25 return 26 names = [] 27 try: 28 names = os.listdir(path) 29 except os.error, err: 30 onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) 31 for name in names: 32 fullname = os.path.join(path, name) 33 try: 34 mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode 35 except os.error: 36 mode = 0 37 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): 38 rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) 39 else: 40 try: 41 os.remove(fullname) 42 except os.error, err: 43 onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) 44 try: 45 os.rmdir(path) 46 except os.error: 47 onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
1 def move(src, dst): 2 """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is 3 similar to the Unix "mv" command. 4 5 If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source 6 is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already 7 exist. 8 9 If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be 10 overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. 11 12 If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. 13 Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. 14 A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of 15 the issues this implementation glosses over. 16 17 """ 18 real_dst = dst 19 if os.path.isdir(dst): 20 if _samefile(src, dst): 21 # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, 22 # perform the rename anyway. 23 os.rename(src, dst) 24 return 25 26 real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) 27 if os.path.exists(real_dst): 28 raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst 29 try: 30 os.rename(src, real_dst) 31 except OSError: 32 if os.path.isdir(src): 33 if _destinsrc(src, dst): 34 raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) 35 copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) 36 rmtree(src) 37 else: 38 copy2(src, real_dst) 39 os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
-
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner： 用户，默认当前用户
- group： 组，默认当前组
- logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
1 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 2 3 import shutil 4 ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test') 5 6 7 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 8 import shutil 9 ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
1 def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, 2 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None): 3 """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 4 5 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific 6 extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" 7 or "gztar". 8 9 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the 10 archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the 11 archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from; 12 ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and 13 directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default 14 to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 15 16 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default, 17 uses the current owner and group. 18 """ 19 save_cwd = os.getcwd() 20 if root_dir is not None: 21 if logger is not None: 22 logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir) 23 base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name) 24 if not dry_run: 25 os.chdir(root_dir) 26 27 if base_dir is None: 28 base_dir = os.curdir 29 30 kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} 31 32 try: 33 format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format] 34 except KeyError: 35 raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format 36 37 func = format_info[0] 38 for arg, val in format_info[1]: 39 kwargs[arg] = val 40 41 if format != 'zip': 42 kwargs['owner'] = owner 43 kwargs['group'] = group 44 45 try: 46 filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs) 47 finally: 48 if root_dir is not None: 49 if logger is not None: 50 logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd) 51 os.chdir(save_cwd) 52 53 return filename
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
1 import zipfile 2 3 # 压缩 4 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') 5 z.write('a.log') 6 z.write('data.data') 7 z.close() 8 9 # 解压 10 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') 11 z.extractall() 12 z.close()
1 import tarfile 2 3 # 压缩 4 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') 5 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') 6 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') 7 tar.close() 8 9 # 解压 10 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') 11 tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 12 tar.close()
1 class ZipFile(object): 2 """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. 3 4 z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) 5 6 file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. 7 If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. 8 mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". 9 compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). 10 allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when 11 needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would 12 be necessary. 13 14 """ 15 16 fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it 17 18 def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): 19 """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" 20 if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): 21 raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') 22 23 if compression == ZIP_STORED: 24 pass 25 elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: 26 if not zlib: 27 raise RuntimeError,\ 28 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 29 else: 30 raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" 31 32 self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 33 self._didModify = False 34 self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 35 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name 36 self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive 37 self.compression = compression # Method of compression 38 self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] 39 self.pwd = None 40 self._comment = '' 41 42 # Check if we were passed a file-like object 43 if isinstance(file, basestring): 44 self._filePassed = 0 45 self.filename = file 46 modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} 47 try: 48 self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) 49 except IOError: 50 if mode == 'a': 51 mode = key = 'w' 52 self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) 53 else: 54 raise 55 else: 56 self._filePassed = 1 57 self.fp = file 58 self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) 59 60 try: 61 if key == 'r': 62 self._RealGetContents() 63 elif key == 'w': 64 # set the modified flag so central directory gets written 65 # even if no files are added to the archive 66 self._didModify = True 67 elif key == 'a': 68 try: 69 # See if file is a zip file 70 self._RealGetContents() 71 # seek to start of directory and overwrite 72 self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) 73 except BadZipfile: 74 # file is not a zip file, just append 75 self.fp.seek(0, 2) 76 77 # set the modified flag so central directory gets written 78 # even if no files are added to the archive 79 self._didModify = True 80 else: 81 raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') 82 except: 83 fp = self.fp 84 self.fp = None 85 if not self._filePassed: 86 fp.close() 87 raise 88 89 def __enter__(self): 90 return self 91 92 def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): 93 self.close() 94 95 def _RealGetContents(self): 96 """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" 97 fp = self.fp 98 try: 99 endrec = _EndRecData(fp) 100 except IOError: 101 raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") 102 if not endrec: 103 raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" 104 if self.debug > 1: 105 print endrec 106 size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory 107 offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory 108 self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment 109 110 # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file 111 concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd 112 if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: 113 # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them 114 concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) 115 116 if self.debug > 2: 117 inferred = concat + offset_cd 118 print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat 119 # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory 120 self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat 121 fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) 122 data = fp.read(size_cd) 123 fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) 124 total = 0 125 while total < size_cd: 126 centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) 127 if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: 128 raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") 129 centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) 130 if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: 131 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") 132 if self.debug > 2: 133 print centdir 134 filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) 135 # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 136 x = ZipInfo(filename) 137 x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) 138 x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) 139 x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] 140 (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, 141 x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, 142 x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] 143 x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] 144 # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) 145 x._raw_time = t 146 x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, 147 t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) 148 149 x._decodeExtra() 150 x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat 151 x.filename = x._decodeFilename() 152 self.filelist.append(x) 153 self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x 154 155 # update total bytes read from central directory 156 total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] 157 + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] 158 + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) 159 160 if self.debug > 2: 161 print "total", total 162 163 164 def namelist(self): 165 """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" 166 l = [] 167 for data in self.filelist: 168 l.append(data.filename) 169 return l 170 171 def infolist(self): 172 """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the 173 archive.""" 174 return self.filelist 175 176 def printdir(self): 177 """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" 178 print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") 179 for zinfo in self.filelist: 180 date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] 181 print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) 182 183 def testzip(self): 184 """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" 185 chunk_size = 2 ** 20 186 for zinfo in self.filelist: 187 try: 188 # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a 189 # MemoryError with very large embedded files. 190 with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: 191 while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 192 pass 193 except BadZipfile: 194 return zinfo.filename 195 196 def getinfo(self, name): 197 """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" 198 info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) 199 if info is None: 200 raise KeyError( 201 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) 202 203 return info 204 205 def setpassword(self, pwd): 206 """Set default password for encrypted files.""" 207 self.pwd = pwd 208 209 @property 210 def comment(self): 211 """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" 212 return self._comment 213 214 @comment.setter 215 def comment(self, comment): 216 # check for valid comment length 217 if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: 218 import warnings 219 warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' 220 % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) 221 comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] 222 self._comment = comment 223 self._didModify = True 224 225 def read(self, name, pwd=None): 226 """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" 227 return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() 228 229 def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): 230 """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" 231 if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): 232 raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' 233 if not self.fp: 234 raise RuntimeError, \ 235 "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" 236 237 # Only open a new file for instances where we were not 238 # given a file object in the constructor 239 if self._filePassed: 240 zef_file = self.fp 241 should_close = False 242 else: 243 zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') 244 should_close = True 245 246 try: 247 # Make sure we have an info object 248 if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): 249 # 'name' is already an info object 250 zinfo = name 251 else: 252 # Get info object for name 253 zinfo = self.getinfo(name) 254 255 zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) 256 257 # Skip the file header: 258 fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) 259 if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: 260 raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") 261 fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) 262 if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: 263 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") 264 265 fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) 266 if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: 267 zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) 268 269 if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: 270 raise BadZipfile, \ 271 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( 272 zinfo.orig_filename, fname) 273 274 # check for encrypted flag & handle password 275 is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 276 zd = None 277 if is_encrypted: 278 if not pwd: 279 pwd = self.pwd 280 if not pwd: 281 raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \ 282 "password required for extraction" % name 283 284 zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) 285 # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header 286 # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are 287 # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, 288 # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type 289 # and is used to check the correctness of the password. 290 bytes = zef_file.read(12) 291 h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) 292 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: 293 # compare against the file type from extended local headers 294 check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff 295 else: 296 # compare against the CRC otherwise 297 check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff 298 if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: 299 raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) 300 301 return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, 302 close_fileobj=should_close) 303 except: 304 if should_close: 305 zef_file.close() 306 raise 307 308 def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): 309 """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, 310 using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately 311 as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can 312 specify a different directory using `path'. 313 """ 314 if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): 315 member = self.getinfo(member) 316 317 if path is None: 318 path = os.getcwd() 319 320 return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) 321 322 def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): 323 """Extract all members from the archive to the current working 324 directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. 325 `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned 326 by namelist(). 327 """ 328 if members is None: 329 members = self.namelist() 330 331 for zipinfo in members: 332 self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) 333 334 def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): 335 """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical 336 file on the path targetpath. 337 """ 338 # build the destination pathname, replacing 339 # forward slashes to platform specific separators. 340 arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) 341 342 if os.path.altsep: 343 arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) 344 # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or 345 # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. 346 arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] 347 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) 348 if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) 349 if os.path.sep == '\\': 350 # filter illegal characters on Windows 351 illegal = ':<>|"?*' 352 if isinstance(arcname, unicode): 353 table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} 354 else: 355 table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) 356 arcname = arcname.translate(table) 357 # remove trailing dots 358 arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) 359 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) 360 361 targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) 362 targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) 363 364 # Create all upper directories if necessary. 365 upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) 366 if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): 367 os.makedirs(upperdirs) 368 369 if member.filename[-1] == '/': 370 if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): 371 os.mkdir(targetpath) 372 return targetpath 373 374 with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \ 375 file(targetpath, "wb") as target: 376 shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) 377 378 return targetpath 379 380 def _writecheck(self, zinfo): 381 """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" 382 if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: 383 import warnings 384 warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) 385 if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): 386 raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' 387 if not self.fp: 388 raise RuntimeError, \ 389 "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" 390 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: 391 raise RuntimeError, \ 392 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 393 if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): 394 raise RuntimeError, \ 395 "That compression method is not supported" 396 if not self._allowZip64: 397 requires_zip64 = None 398 if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: 399 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 400 elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 401 requires_zip64 = "Filesize" 402 elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 403 requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" 404 if requires_zip64: 405 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 406 " would require ZIP64 extensions") 407 408 def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): 409 """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name 410 arcname.""" 411 if not self.fp: 412 raise RuntimeError( 413 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") 414 415 st = os.stat(filename) 416 isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) 417 mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) 418 date_time = mtime[0:6] 419 # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 420 if arcname is None: 421 arcname = filename 422 arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) 423 while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): 424 arcname = arcname[1:] 425 if isdir: 426 arcname += '/' 427 zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) 428 zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes 429 if compress_type is None: 430 zinfo.compress_type = self.compression 431 else: 432 zinfo.compress_type = compress_type 433 434 zinfo.file_size = st.st_size 435 zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 436 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes 437 438 self._writecheck(zinfo) 439 self._didModify = True 440 441 if isdir: 442 zinfo.file_size = 0 443 zinfo.compress_size = 0 444 zinfo.CRC = 0 445 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag 446 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 447 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 448 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) 449 return 450 451 with open(filename, "rb") as fp: 452 # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later 453 zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 454 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 455 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size 456 zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \ 457 zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT 458 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 459 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: 460 cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, 461 zlib.DEFLATED, -15) 462 else: 463 cmpr = None 464 file_size = 0 465 while 1: 466 buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) 467 if not buf: 468 break 469 file_size = file_size + len(buf) 470 CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff 471 if cmpr: 472 buf = cmpr.compress(buf) 473 compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) 474 self.fp.write(buf) 475 if cmpr: 476 buf = cmpr.flush() 477 compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) 478 self.fp.write(buf) 479 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size 480 else: 481 zinfo.compress_size = file_size 482 zinfo.CRC = CRC 483 zinfo.file_size = file_size 484 if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: 485 if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 486 raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') 487 if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 488 raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') 489 # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include 490 # correct CRC and file sizes) 491 position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file 492 self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) 493 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 494 self.fp.seek(position, 0) 495 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 496 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 497 498 def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): 499 """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 500 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or 501 the name of the file in the archive.""" 502 if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): 503 zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, 504 date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) 505 506 zinfo.compress_type = self.compression 507 if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': 508 zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x 509 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag 510 else: 511 zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- 512 else: 513 zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname 514 515 if not self.fp: 516 raise RuntimeError( 517 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") 518 519 if compress_type is not None: 520 zinfo.compress_type = compress_type 521 522 zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size 523 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes 524 self._writecheck(zinfo) 525 self._didModify = True 526 zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum 527 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: 528 co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, 529 zlib.DEFLATED, -15) 530 bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() 531 zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size 532 else: 533 zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size 534 zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \ 535 zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT 536 if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: 537 raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") 538 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 539 self.fp.write(bytes) 540 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: 541 # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data 542 fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' 543 self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, 544 zinfo.file_size)) 545 self.fp.flush() 546 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 547 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 548 549 def __del__(self): 550 """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" 551 self.close() 552 553 def close(self): 554 """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending 555 records.""" 556 if self.fp is None: 557 return 558 559 try: 560 if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records 561 pos1 = self.fp.tell() 562 for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory 563 dt = zinfo.date_time 564 dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] 565 dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) 566 extra = [] 567 if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \ 568 or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 569 extra.append(zinfo.file_size) 570 extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) 571 file_size = 0xffffffff 572 compress_size = 0xffffffff 573 else: 574 file_size = zinfo.file_size 575 compress_size = zinfo.compress_size 576 577 if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 578 extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) 579 header_offset = 0xffffffffL 580 else: 581 header_offset = zinfo.header_offset 582 583 extra_data = zinfo.extra 584 if extra: 585 # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's 586 extra_data = struct.pack( 587 '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 588 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data 589 590 extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) 591 create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) 592 else: 593 extract_version = zinfo.extract_version 594 create_version = zinfo.create_version 595 596 try: 597 filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() 598 centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, 599 stringCentralDir, create_version, 600 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, 601 flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, 602 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, 603 len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 604 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, 605 header_offset) 606 except DeprecationWarning: 607 print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, 608 stringCentralDir, create_version, 609 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, 610 zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, 611 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, 612 len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 613 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, 614 header_offset) 615 raise 616 self.fp.write(centdir) 617 self.fp.write(filename) 618 self.fp.write(extra_data) 619 self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) 620 621 pos2 = self.fp.tell() 622 # Write end-of-zip-archive record 623 centDirCount = len(self.filelist) 624 centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 625 centDirOffset = pos1 626 requires_zip64 = None 627 if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: 628 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 629 elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 630 requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" 631 elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: 632 requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" 633 if requires_zip64: 634 # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records 635 if not self._allowZip64: 636 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 637 " would require ZIP64 extensions") 638 zip64endrec = struct.pack( 639 structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 640 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, 641 centDirSize, centDirOffset) 642 self.fp.write(zip64endrec) 643 644 zip64locrec = struct.pack( 645 structEndArchive64Locator, 646 stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) 647 self.fp.write(zip64locrec) 648 centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) 649 centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) 650 centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) 651 652 endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 653 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, 654 centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) 655 self.fp.write(endrec) 656 self.fp.write(self._comment) 657 self.fp.flush() 658 finally: 659 fp = self.fp 660 self.fp = None 661 if not self._filePassed: 662 fp.close()
1 class ZipFile(object): 2 """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. 3 4 z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) 5 6 file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. 7 If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. 8 mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". 9 compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). 10 allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when 11 needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would 12 be necessary. 13 14 """ 15 16 fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it 17 18 def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): 19 """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" 20 if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): 21 raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') 22 23 if compression == ZIP_STORED: 24 pass 25 elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: 26 if not zlib: 27 raise RuntimeError,\ 28 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 29 else: 30 raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" 31 32 self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 33 self._didModify = False 34 self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 35 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name 36 self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive 37 self.compression = compression # Method of compression 38 self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] 39 self.pwd = None 40 self._comment = '' 41 42 # Check if we were passed a file-like object 43 if isinstance(file, basestring): 44 self._filePassed = 0 45 self.filename = file 46 modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} 47 try: 48 self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) 49 except IOError: 50 if mode == 'a': 51 mode = key = 'w' 52 self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) 53 else: 54 raise 55 else: 56 self._filePassed = 1 57 self.fp = file 58 self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) 59 60 try: 61 if key == 'r': 62 self._RealGetContents() 63 elif key == 'w': 64 # set the modified flag so central directory gets written 65 # even if no files are added to the archive 66 self._didModify = True 67 elif key == 'a': 68 try: 69 # See if file is a zip file 70 self._RealGetContents() 71 # seek to start of directory and overwrite 72 self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) 73 except BadZipfile: 74 # file is not a zip file, just append 75 self.fp.seek(0, 2) 76 77 # set the modified flag so central directory gets written 78 # even if no files are added to the archive 79 self._didModify = True 80 else: 81 raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') 82 except: 83 fp = self.fp 84 self.fp = None 85 if not self._filePassed: 86 fp.close() 87 raise 88 89 def __enter__(self): 90 return self 91 92 def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): 93 self.close() 94 95 def _RealGetContents(self): 96 """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" 97 fp = self.fp 98 try: 99 endrec = _EndRecData(fp) 100 except IOError: 101 raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") 102 if not endrec: 103 raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" 104 if self.debug > 1: 105 print endrec 106 size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory 107 offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory 108 self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment 109 110 # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file 111 concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd 112 if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: 113 # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them 114 concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) 115 116 if self.debug > 2: 117 inferred = concat + offset_cd 118 print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat 119 # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory 120 self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat 121 fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) 122 data = fp.read(size_cd) 123 fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) 124 total = 0 125 while total < size_cd: 126 centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) 127 if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: 128 raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") 129 centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) 130 if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: 131 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") 132 if self.debug > 2: 133 print centdir 134 filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) 135 # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 136 x = ZipInfo(filename) 137 x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) 138 x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) 139 x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] 140 (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, 141 x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, 142 x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] 143 x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] 144 # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) 145 x._raw_time = t 146 x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, 147 t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) 148 149 x._decodeExtra() 150 x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat 151 x.filename = x._decodeFilename() 152 self.filelist.append(x) 153 self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x 154 155 # update total bytes read from central directory 156 total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] 157 + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] 158 + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) 159 160 if self.debug > 2: 161 print "total", total 162 163 164 def namelist(self): 165 """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" 166 l = [] 167 for data in self.filelist: 168 l.append(data.filename) 169 return l 170 171 def infolist(self): 172 """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the 173 archive.""" 174 return self.filelist 175 176 def printdir(self): 177 """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" 178 print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") 179 for zinfo in self.filelist: 180 date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] 181 print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) 182 183 def testzip(self): 184 """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" 185 chunk_size = 2 ** 20 186 for zinfo in self.filelist: 187 try: 188 # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a 189 # MemoryError with very large embedded files. 190 with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: 191 while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 192 pass 193 except BadZipfile: 194 return zinfo.filename 195 196 def getinfo(self, name): 197 """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" 198 info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) 199 if info is None: 200 raise KeyError( 201 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) 202 203 return info 204 205 def setpassword(self, pwd): 206 """Set default password for encrypted files.""" 207 self.pwd = pwd 208 209 @property 210 def comment(self): 211 """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" 212 return self._comment 213 214 @comment.setter 215 def comment(self, comment): 216 # check for valid comment length 217 if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: 218 import warnings 219 warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' 220 % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) 221 comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] 222 self._comment = comment 223 self._didModify = True 224 225 def read(self, name, pwd=None): 226 """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" 227 return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() 228 229 def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): 230 """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" 231 if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): 232 raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' 233 if not self.fp: 234 raise RuntimeError, \ 235 "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" 236 237 # Only open a new file for instances where we were not 238 # given a file object in the constructor 239 if self._filePassed: 240 zef_file = self.fp 241 should_close = False 242 else: 243 zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') 244 should_close = True 245 246 try: 247 # Make sure we have an info object 248 if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): 249 # 'name' is already an info object 250 zinfo = name 251 else: 252 # Get info object for name 253 zinfo = self.getinfo(name) 254 255 zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) 256 257 # Skip the file header: 258 fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) 259 if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: 260 raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") 261 fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) 262 if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: 263 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") 264 265 fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) 266 if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: 267 zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) 268 269 if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: 270 raise BadZipfile, \ 271 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( 272 zinfo.orig_filename, fname) 273 274 # check for encrypted flag & handle password 275 is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 276 zd = None 277 if is_encrypted: 278 if not pwd: 279 pwd = self.pwd 280 if not pwd: 281 raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \ 282 "password required for extraction" % name 283 284 zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) 285 # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header 286 # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are 287 # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, 288 # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type 289 # and is used to check the correctness of the password. 290 bytes = zef_file.read(12) 291 h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) 292 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: 293 # compare against the file type from extended local headers 294 check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff 295 else: 296 # compare against the CRC otherwise 297 check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff 298 if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: 299 raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) 300 301 return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, 302 close_fileobj=should_close) 303 except: 304 if should_close: 305 zef_file.close() 306 raise 307 308 def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): 309 """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, 310 using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately 311 as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can 312 specify a different directory using `path'. 313 """ 314 if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): 315 member = self.getinfo(member) 316 317 if path is None: 318 path = os.getcwd() 319 320 return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) 321 322 def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): 323 """Extract all members from the archive to the current working 324 directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. 325 `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned 326 by namelist(). 327 """ 328 if members is None: 329 members = self.namelist() 330 331 for zipinfo in members: 332 self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) 333 334 def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): 335 """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical 336 file on the path targetpath. 337 """ 338 # build the destination pathname, replacing 339 # forward slashes to platform specific separators. 340 arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) 341 342 if os.path.altsep: 343 arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) 344 # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or 345 # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. 346 arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] 347 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) 348 if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) 349 if os.path.sep == '\\': 350 # filter illegal characters on Windows 351 illegal = ':<>|"?*' 352 if isinstance(arcname, unicode): 353 table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} 354 else: 355 table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) 356 arcname = arcname.translate(table) 357 # remove trailing dots 358 arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) 359 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) 360 361 targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) 362 targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) 363 364 # Create all upper directories if necessary. 365 upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) 366 if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): 367 os.makedirs(upperdirs) 368 369 if member.filename[-1] == '/': 370 if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): 371 os.mkdir(targetpath) 372 return targetpath 373 374 with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \ 375 file(targetpath, "wb") as target: 376 shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) 377 378 return targetpath 379 380 def _writecheck(self, zinfo): 381 """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" 382 if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: 383 import warnings 384 warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) 385 if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): 386 raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' 387 if not self.fp: 388 raise RuntimeError, \ 389 "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" 390 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: 391 raise RuntimeError, \ 392 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 393 if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): 394 raise RuntimeError, \ 395 "That compression method is not supported" 396 if not self._allowZip64: 397 requires_zip64 = None 398 if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: 399 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 400 elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 401 requires_zip64 = "Filesize" 402 elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 403 requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" 404 if requires_zip64: 405 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 406 " would require ZIP64 extensions") 407 408 def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): 409 """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name 410 arcname.""" 411 if not self.fp: 412 raise RuntimeError( 413 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") 414 415 st = os.stat(filename) 416 isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) 417 mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) 418 date_time = mtime[0:6] 419 # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 420 if arcname is None: 421 arcname = filename 422 arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) 423 while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): 424 arcname = arcname[1:] 425 if isdir: 426 arcname += '/' 427 zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) 428 zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes 429 if compress_type is None: 430 zinfo.compress_type = self.compression 431 else: 432 zinfo.compress_type = compress_type 433 434 zinfo.file_size = st.st_size 435 zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 436 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes 437 438 self._writecheck(zinfo) 439 self._didModify = True 440 441 if isdir: 442 zinfo.file_size = 0 443 zinfo.compress_size = 0 444 zinfo.CRC = 0 445 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag 446 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 447 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 448 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) 449 return 450 451 with open(filename, "rb") as fp: 452 # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later 453 zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 454 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 455 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size 456 zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \ 457 zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT 458 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 459 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: 460 cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, 461 zlib.DEFLATED, -15) 462 else: 463 cmpr = None 464 file_size = 0 465 while 1: 466 buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) 467 if not buf: 468 break 469 file_size = file_size + len(buf) 470 CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff 471 if cmpr: 472 buf = cmpr.compress(buf) 473 compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) 474 self.fp.write(buf) 475 if cmpr: 476 buf = cmpr.flush() 477 compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) 478 self.fp.write(buf) 479 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size 480 else: 481 zinfo.compress_size = file_size 482 zinfo.CRC = CRC 483 zinfo.file_size = file_size 484 if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: 485 if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 486 raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') 487 if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 488 raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') 489 # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include 490 # correct CRC and file sizes) 491 position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file 492 self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) 493 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 494 self.fp.seek(position, 0) 495 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 496 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 497 498 def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): 499 """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 500 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or 501 the name of the file in the archive.""" 502 if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): 503 zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, 504 date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) 505 506 zinfo.compress_type = self.compression 507 if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': 508 zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x 509 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag 510 else: 511 zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- 512 else: 513 zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname 514 515 if not self.fp: 516 raise RuntimeError( 517 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") 518 519 if compress_type is not None: 520 zinfo.compress_type = compress_type 521 522 zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size 523 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes 524 self._writecheck(zinfo) 525 self._didModify = True 526 zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum 527 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: 528 co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, 529 zlib.DEFLATED, -15) 530 bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() 531 zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size 532 else: 533 zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size 534 zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \ 535 zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT 536 if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: 537 raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") 538 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) 539 self.fp.write(bytes) 540 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: 541 # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data 542 fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' 543 self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, 544 zinfo.file_size)) 545 self.fp.flush() 546 self.filelist.append(zinfo) 547 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo 548 549 def __del__(self): 550 """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" 551 self.close() 552 553 def close(self): 554 """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending 555 records.""" 556 if self.fp is None: 557 return 558 559 try: 560 if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records 561 pos1 = self.fp.tell() 562 for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory 563 dt = zinfo.date_time 564 dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] 565 dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) 566 extra = [] 567 if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \ 568 or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: 569 extra.append(zinfo.file_size) 570 extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) 571 file_size = 0xffffffff 572 compress_size = 0xffffffff 573 else: 574 file_size = zinfo.file_size 575 compress_size = zinfo.compress_size 576 577 if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 578 extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) 579 header_offset = 0xffffffffL 580 else: 581 header_offset = zinfo.header_offset 582 583 extra_data = zinfo.extra 584 if extra: 585 # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's 586 extra_data = struct.pack( 587 '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 588 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data 589 590 extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) 591 create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) 592 else: 593 extract_version = zinfo.extract_version 594 create_version = zinfo.create_version 595 596 try: 597 filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() 598 centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, 599 stringCentralDir, create_version, 600 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, 601 flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, 602 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, 603 len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 604 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, 605 header_offset) 606 except DeprecationWarning: 607 print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, 608 stringCentralDir, create_version, 609 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, 610 zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, 611 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, 612 len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 613 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, 614 header_offset) 615 raise 616 self.fp.write(centdir) 617 self.fp.write(filename) 618 self.fp.write(extra_data) 619 self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) 620 621 pos2 = self.fp.tell() 622 # Write end-of-zip-archive record 623 centDirCount = len(self.filelist) 624 centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 625 centDirOffset = pos1 626 requires_zip64 = None 627 if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: 628 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 629 elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: 630 requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" 631 elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: 632 requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" 633 if requires_zip64: 634 # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records 635 if not self._allowZip64: 636 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 637 " would require ZIP64 extensions") 638 zip64endrec = struct.pack( 639 structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 640 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, 641 centDirSize, centDirOffset) 642 self.fp.write(zip64endrec) 643 644 zip64locrec = struct.pack( 645 structEndArchive64Locator, 646 stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) 647 self.fp.write(zip64locrec) 648 centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) 649 centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) 650 centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) 651 652 endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 653 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, 654 centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) 655 self.fp.write(endrec) 656 self.fp.write(self._comment) 657 self.fp.flush() 658 finally: 659 fp = self.fp 660 self.fp = None 661 if not self._filePassed: 662 fp.close() 663 664 ZipFile 665 666 tarfile
7.json & pickle 模块
用于序列化的两个模块
- json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
8.shelve模块 shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式
1 import shelve 2 3 d = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打开一个文件 4 5 class Test(object): 6 def __init__(self,n): 7 self.n = n 8 9 t = Test(123) 10 t2 = Test(123334) 11 12 name = ["alex","rain","test"] 13 d["test"] = name #持久化列表 14 d["t1"] = t #持久化类 15 d["t2"] = t2 16 17 d.close()
9.xml处理
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <data> 3 <country name="Liechtenstein"> 4 <rank updated="yes">2</rank> 5 <year>2008</year> 6 <gdppc>141100</gdppc> 7 <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/> 8 <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/> 9 </country> 10 <country name="Singapore"> 11 <rank updated="yes">5</rank> 12 <year>2011</year> 13 <gdppc>59900</gdppc> 14 <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/> 15 </country> 16 <country name="Panama"> 17 <rank updated="yes">69</rank> 18 <year>2011</year> 19 <gdppc>13600</gdppc> 20 <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/> 21 <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/> 22 </country> 23 </data>
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml
1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET 2 3 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml") 4 root = tree.getroot() 5 print(root.tag) 6 7 #遍历xml文档 8 for child in root: 9 print(child.tag, child.attrib) 10 for i in child: 11 print(i.tag,i.text) 12 13 #只遍历year 节点 14 for node in root.iter('year'): 15 print(node.tag,node.text)
修改和删除xml文档内容
1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET 2 3 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml") 4 root = tree.getroot() 5 6 #修改 7 for node in root.iter('year'): 8 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 9 node.text = str(new_year) 10 node.set("updated","yes") 11 12 tree.write("xmltest.xml") 13 14 15 #删除node 16 for country in root.findall('country'): 17 rank = int(country.find('rank').text) 18 if rank > 50: 19 root.remove(country) 20 21 tree.write('output.xml')
自己创建xml文档
1 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET 2 3 4 new_xml = ET.Element("namelist") 5 name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"}) 6 age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"}) 7 sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex") 8 sex.text = '33' 9 name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"}) 10 age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age") 11 age.text = '19' 12 13 et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象 14 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True) 15 16 ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式
10.PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
11.ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下
1 2 [DEFAULT] 3 4 ServerAliveInterval = 45 5 6 Compression = yes 7 8 CompressionLevel = 9 9 10 ForwardX11 = yes 11 12 13 14 [bitbucket.org] 15 16 User = hg 17 18 19 20 [topsecret.server.com] 21 22 Port = 50022 23 24 ForwardX11 = no
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？
1 2 import configparser 3 4 5 6 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 7 8 config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45', 9 10 'Compression': 'yes', 11 12 'CompressionLevel': '9'} 13 14 15 16 config['bitbucket.org'] = {} 17 18 config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg' 19 20 config['topsecret.server.com'] = {} 21 22 topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com'] 23 24 topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022' # mutates the parser 25 26 topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' # same here 27 28 config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes' 29 30 with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile: 31 32 config.write(configfile)
写完了还可以再读出来哈。
1 2 >>> import configparser 3 4 >>> config = configparser.ConfigParser() 5 6 >>> config.sections() 7 8 [] 9 10 >>> config.read('example.ini') 11 12 ['example.ini'] 13 14 >>> config.sections() 15 16 ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com'] 17 18 >>> 'bitbucket.org' in config 19 20 True 21 22 >>> 'bytebong.com' in config 23 24 False 25 26 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['User'] 27 28 'hg' 29 30 >>> config['DEFAULT']['Compression'] 31 32 'yes' 33 34 >>> topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com'] 35 36 >>> topsecret['ForwardX11'] 37 38 'no' 39 40 >>> topsecret['Port'] 41 42 '50022' 43 44 >>> for key in config['bitbucket.org']: print(key) 45 46 ... 47 48 user 49 50 compressionlevel 51 52 serveraliveinterval 53 54 compression 55 56 forwardx11 57 58 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['ForwardX11'] 59 60 'yes'
configparser增删改查语法
1 [section1] 2 k1 = v1 3 k2:v2 4 [section2] 5 k1 = v1 6 import ConfigParser 7 config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser() 8 config.read('i.cfg') 9 # ########## 读 ########## 10 #secs = config.sections() 11 #print secs 12 #options = config.options('group2') 13 #print options 14 #item_list = config.items('group2') 15 #print item_list 16 #val = config.get('group1','key') 17 #val = config.getint('group1','key') 18 # ########## 改写 ########## 19 #sec = config.remove_section('group1') 20 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 21 #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi') 22 #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi') 23 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 24 #config.set('group2','k1',11111) 25 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 26 #config.remove_option('group2','age') 27 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
12.hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
1 import hashlib 2 3 m = hashlib.md5() 4 m.update(b"Hello") 5 m.update(b"It's me") 6 print(m.hexdigest()) 7 m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...") 8 9 print(m.hexdigest()) #2进制格式hash 10 print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash 11 ''' 12 def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 13 """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """ 14 pass 15 16 def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 17 """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """ 18 pass 19 20 ''' 21 import hashlib 22 23 # ######## md5 ######## 24 25 hash = hashlib.md5() 26 hash.update('admin') 27 print(hash.hexdigest()) 28 29 # ######## sha1 ######## 30 31 hash = hashlib.sha1() 32 hash.update('admin') 33 print(hash.hexdigest()) 34 35 # ######## sha256 ######## 36 37 hash = hashlib.sha256() 38 hash.update('admin') 39 print(hash.hexdigest()) 40 41 42 # ######## sha384 ######## 43 44 hash = hashlib.sha384() 45 hash.update('admin') 46 print(hash.hexdigest()) 47 48 # ######## sha512 ######## 49 50 hash = hashlib.sha512() 51 hash.update('admin') 52 print(hash.hexdigest())
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
散列消息鉴别码，简称HMAC，是一种基于消息鉴别码MAC（Message Authentication Code）的鉴别机制。使用HMAC时,消息通讯的双方，通过验证消息中加入的鉴别密钥K来鉴别消息的真伪；
一般用于网络通信中消息加密，前提是双方先要约定好key,就像接头暗号一样，然后消息发送把用key把消息加密，接收方用key ＋ 消息明文再加密，拿加密后的值 跟 发送者的相对比是否相等，这样就能验证消息的真实性，及发送者的合法性了.
1 import hmac 2 h = hmac.new('wueiqi') 3 h.update('hellowo') 4 print h.hexdigest()
13.Subprocess模块
常用subprocess方法示例
#执行命令，返回命令执行状态 ， 0 or 非0 >>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"]) #执行命令，如果命令结果为0，就正常返回，否则抛异常 >>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) 0 #接收字符串格式命令，返回元组形式，第1个元素是执行状态，第2个是命令结果 >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls') (0, '/bin/ls') #接收字符串格式命令，并返回结果 >>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls') '/bin/ls' #执行命令，并返回结果，注意是返回结果，不是打印，下例结果返回给res >>> res=subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l']) >>> res b'total 0\ndrwxr-xr-x 12 alex staff 408 Nov 2 11:05 OldBoyCRM\n' #上面那些方法，底层都是封装的subprocess.Popen poll() Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode wait() Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute. terminate() 杀掉所启动进程 communicate() 等待任务结束 stdin 标准输入 stdout 标准输出 stderr 标准错误 pid The process ID of the child process. #例子 >>> p = subprocess.Popen("df -h|grep disk",stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True) >>> p.stdout.read() b'/dev/disk1 465Gi 64Gi 400Gi 14% 16901472 104938142 14% /\n'
>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # doesn't capture output CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0) >>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True) Traceback (most recent call last): ... subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1 >>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE) CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0, stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n')
调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法，在大多数情况下能满足需求，但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话，你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下：
p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(p.stdout.read())
可用参数：
-
- args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
- bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell：同上
- cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
终端输入的命令分为两种：
- 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
需要交互的命令示例
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10) print out_error_list
subprocess实现sudo 自动输入密码
import subprocess def mypass(): mypass = '123' #or get the password from anywhere return mypass echo = subprocess.Popen(['echo',mypass()], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) sudo = subprocess.Popen(['sudo','-S','iptables','-L'], stdin=echo.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) end_of_pipe = sudo.stdout print "Password ok \n Iptables Chains %s" % end_of_pipe.read()
14.logging模块
很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。
最简单用法
import logging logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times") logging.critical("server is down") #输出 WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times CRITICAL:root:server is down
如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单
import logging
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
logging.info('So should this')
logging.warning('And this, too')
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!
import logging
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')
logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
15.re正则表达式
基本正则表达式元字符和语法
常用正则表达式符号
'.' 默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行 '^' 匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE) '$' 匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以 '*' 匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac") 结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a'] '+' 匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb'] '?' 匹配前一个字符1次或0次 '{m}' 匹配前一个字符m次 '{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb'] '|' 匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC' '(...)' 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c '\A' 只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的 '\Z' 匹配字符结尾，同$ '\d' 匹配数字0-9 '\D' 匹配非数字 '\w' 匹配[A-Za-z0-9] '\W' 匹配非[A-Za-z0-9] 's' 匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t' '(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}
最常用的匹配语法
re.match 从头开始匹配 re.search 匹配包含 re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回 re.splitall 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符 re.sub 匹配字符并替换
1）match(pattern, string, flags=0)
从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
- 正则表达式
- 要匹配的字符串
- 标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式
import re obj = re.match('\d+', '123uuasf') if obj: print obj.group()
import re obj = re.findall('\d+', 'fa123uu888asf') print obj
# flags I = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case L = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale U = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode locale M = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline X = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments flags
2）search(pattern, string, flags=0)
根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
import re obj = re.search('\d+', 'u123uu888asf') if obj: print obj.group()
3）group和groups
a = "123abc456" print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group() print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups()
4）findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
上述两中方式均用于匹配单值，即：只能匹配字符串中的一个，如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素，则需要使用 findall。
import re obj = re.findall('\d+', 'fa123uu888asf') print obj
5）sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
用于替换匹配的字符串
content = "123abc456" new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content) # new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content, 1) print new_content
相比于str.replace功能更加强大
6）split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
根据指定匹配进行分组
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'" new_content = re.split('\*', content) # new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1) print new_content
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'" new_content = re.split('[\+\-\*\/]+', content) # new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1) print new_content
inpp = '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))' inpp = re.sub('\s*','',inpp) new_content = re.split('\(([\+\-\*\/]?\d+[\+\-\*\/]?\d+){1}\)', inpp, 1) print new_content
相比于str.split更加强大
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