李倩星r语言实战_R语言实战：高级数据管理

颜镇钟

于 2020-12-31 16:14:00 发布

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文章标签：李倩星r语言实战

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30465509/article/details/112409226

版权

本文内容来自《R 语言实战》(R in Action, 2nd)，有部分修改

数值和字符处理函数

统计函数

x  1:8
x

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

简化版本

mean(x)

[1] 4.5

sd(x)

[1] 2.44949

冗长版本

n  length(x)
meanx  sum(x) / n
meanx

[1] 4.5

css  sum((x - meanx)^2)
sdx  sqrt(css / (n - 1))
sdx

[1] 2.44949

scale() 函数

scale(x)

           [,1]
[1,] -1.4288690
[2,] -1.0206207
[3,] -0.6123724
[4,] -0.2041241
[5,]  0.2041241
[6,]  0.6123724
[7,]  1.0206207
[8,]  1.4288690
attr(,"scaled:center")
[1] 4.5
attr(,"scaled:scale")
[1] 2.44949

概率函数

d：密度函数
p：分布函数
q：分位数函数
r：随机数

runif(5)

[1] 0.3368141 0.3301134 0.9172243 0.7132270 0.5433076

runif(5)

[1] 0.5018690 0.5012920 0.2691537 0.1911182 0.1047126

set.seed() 设置随机数种子

set.seed(1234)
runif(5)

[1] 0.1137034 0.6222994 0.6092747 0.6233794 0.8609154

set.seed(1234)
runif(5)

[1] 0.1137034 0.6222994 0.6092747 0.6233794 0.8609154

多元正态数据

MASS 包 mvrnorm() 函数

library(MASS)
options(digits=3)

mean  c(230.7, 146.7, 3.6)
sigma  matrix(c(15360.8, 6721.2, -47.1,6721.2, 4000.9, -16.5,-47.1, -16.5, 0.3
  ),
  nrow=3,
  ncol=3
)

生成数据

set.seed(1234)
data  mvrnorm(500, mean, sigma)
data  as.data.frame(data)names(data)  c("y", "x1", "x2")

dim(data)

[1] 500   3

head(data, n=10)

       y    x1   x2
1   94.2  51.1 3.43
2  249.6 195.6 3.81
3  373.3 189.7 2.51
4  -59.9  15.4 4.71
5  305.9 123.3 3.41
6  290.1 182.2 2.74
7  140.7 154.9 4.41
8  169.4 102.2 3.64
9  165.5 104.8 3.50
10 120.7  96.2 4.09

将函数应用与矩阵和数据框

a  5sqrt(5)

[1] 2.24

b  c(1.243, 5.654, 2.99)round(b)

[1] 1 6 3

c  matrix(runif(12), nrow=3)
c

       [,1]  [,2]  [,3]  [,4]
[1,] 0.9636 0.216 0.289 0.913
[2,] 0.2068 0.240 0.804 0.353
[3,] 0.0862 0.197 0.378 0.931

log(c)

        [,1]  [,2]   [,3]    [,4]
[1,] -0.0371 -1.53 -1.241 -0.0912
[2,] -1.5762 -1.43 -0.218 -1.0402
[3,] -2.4511 -1.62 -0.972 -0.0710

mean(c)

[1] 0.465

apply() 函数

data  matrix(rnorm(30), nrow=6)
data

       [,1]   [,2]   [,3]   [,4]   [,5]
[1,]  0.459  1.203  1.234  0.591 -0.281
[2,] -1.261  0.769 -1.891 -0.435  0.812
[3,] -0.527  0.238 -0.223 -0.251 -0.208
[4,] -0.557 -1.415  0.768 -0.926  1.451
[5,] -0.374  2.934  0.388  1.087  0.841
[6,] -0.604  0.935  0.609 -1.944 -0.866

dim(data)

[1] 6 5

1 表示计算每行的值

apply(data, 1, mean)

[1]  0.641 -0.401 -0.194 -0.136  0.975 -0.374

2 表示计算每列的值

apply(data, 2, mean)

[1] -0.478  0.777  0.148 -0.313  0.292

apply(data, 2, mean, trim=0.2)

[1] -0.516  0.786  0.386 -0.255  0.291

一个数据处理难题

options(digits=2)

Student  c("John Davis", "Angela Williams", "Bullwinkle Moose","David Jones", "Janice Markhammer","Cheryl Cushing", "Reuven Ytzrhak","Greg Knox", "Joel England","Mary Rayburn"
)
math  c(502, 600, 412, 358, 495, 512, 410, 625, 573, 522
)
science  c(95, 99, 80, 82, 75, 85, 80, 95, 89, 86
)
english  c(25, 22, 18, 15, 20, 28, 15, 30, 27, 18
)
roster  data.frame(
 Student, 
 math, 
 science, 
 english, 
 stringsAsFactors=FALSE
)
roster

             Student math science english
1         John Davis  502      95      25
2    Angela Williams  600      99      22
3   Bullwinkle Moose  412      80      18
4        David Jones  358      82      15
5  Janice Markhammer  495      75      20
6     Cheryl Cushing  512      85      28
7     Reuven Ytzrhak  410      80      15
8          Greg Knox  625      95      30
9       Joel England  573      89      27
10      Mary Rayburn  522      86      18

计算综合得分

z  scale(roster[, 2:4])
z

        math science english
 [1,]  0.013   1.078   0.587
 [2,]  1.143   1.591   0.037
 [3,] -1.026  -0.847  -0.697
 [4,] -1.649  -0.590  -1.247
 [5,] -0.068  -1.489  -0.330
 [6,]  0.128  -0.205   1.137
 [7,] -1.049  -0.847  -1.247
 [8,]  1.432   1.078   1.504
 [9,]  0.832   0.308   0.954
[10,]  0.243  -0.077  -0.697
attr(,"scaled:center")
   math science english 
    501      87      22 
attr(,"scaled:scale")
   math science english 
   86.7     7.8     5.5

score  apply(z, 1, mean)
roster  cbind(roster, score)
roster

             Student math science english score
1         John Davis  502      95      25  0.56
2    Angela Williams  600      99      22  0.92
3   Bullwinkle Moose  412      80      18 -0.86
4        David Jones  358      82      15 -1.16
5  Janice Markhammer  495      75      20 -0.63
6     Cheryl Cushing  512      85      28  0.35
7     Reuven Ytzrhak  410      80      15 -1.05
8          Greg Knox  625      95      30  1.34
9       Joel England  573      89      27  0.70
10      Mary Rayburn  522      86      18 -0.18

评分

y  quantile(
  score, c(.8, .6, .4, .2)
)
y

  80%   60%   40%   20% 
 0.74  0.44 -0.36 -0.89

roster$grade[score >= y[1]]  "A"
roster$grade[score < y[1] & score >= y[2]]  "B"
roster$grade[score < y[2] & score >= y[3]]  "C"
roster$grade[score < y[3] & score >= y[4]]  "D"
roster$grade[score < y[4]]  "F"
roster

             Student math science english score grade
1         John Davis  502      95      25  0.56     B
2    Angela Williams  600      99      22  0.92     A
3   Bullwinkle Moose  412      80      18 -0.86     D
4        David Jones  358      82      15 -1.16     F
5  Janice Markhammer  495      75      20 -0.63     D
6     Cheryl Cushing  512      85      28  0.35     C
7     Reuven Ytzrhak  410      80      15 -1.05     F
8          Greg Knox  625      95      30  1.34     A
9       Joel England  573      89      27  0.70     B
10      Mary Rayburn  522      86      18 -0.18     C

按姓氏和名字排序

name  strsplit((roster$Student), " ")
last_name  sapply(name, "[", 2)
first_name  sapply(name, "[", 1)
roster  roster[order(last_name, first_name),]
roster

             Student math science english score grade
6     Cheryl Cushing  512      85      28  0.35     C
1         John Davis  502      95      25  0.56     B
9       Joel England  573      89      27  0.70     B
4        David Jones  358      82      15 -1.16     F
8          Greg Knox  625      95      30  1.34     A
5  Janice Markhammer  495      75      20 -0.63     D
3   Bullwinkle Moose  412      80      18 -0.86     D
10      Mary Rayburn  522      86      18 -0.18     C
2    Angela Williams  600      99      22  0.92     A
7     Reuven Ytzrhak  410      80      15 -1.05     F

控制流

feelings  c("sad", "afraid")for (i in feelings) {print(switch(
      i,
      happy = "I am glad you are happy",
      afraid = "There is nothing to fear",
      sad = "Cheer up",
      angry = "Calm down now"
    )
  )
}

[1] "Cheer up"
[1] "There is nothing to fear"

用户自编函数

my_stats  function(x, parametric=TRUE, print=FALSE) {if (parametric) {
    center  mean(x)
    spread  sd(x)
  } else {
    center  median(x)
    spread  mad(x)
 }if (print & parametric) {cat("Mean", center, "\n", "SD=", spread, "\n")
 } else if (print & !parametric) {cat("Median=", center, "\n", "MAD=", spread, "\n")
 }
 result  list(center=center, spread=spread)return(result)
}

set.seed(1234)
x  rnorm(500)

y  my_stats(x)
y

$center
[1] 0.0018

$spread
[1] 1

y  my_stats(x, parametric=FALSE, print=TRUE)
y

Median= -0.021 
 MAD= 1 
$center
[1] -0.021

$spread
[1] 1

my_date  function(type="long") {switch(
    type,
    long = format(Sys.time(), "%A %B %d %Y"),
    short = format(Sys.time(), "%m-%d-%y"),cat(type, "is not a recognized type\n")
  )
}

my_date("long")

[1] "星期三 十二月 30 2020"

my_date("short")

[1] "12-30-20"

my_date()

[1] "星期三 十二月 30 2020"

my_date("medium")

medium is not a recognized type

整合与重构

aggregate and reshape

head(mtcars)

                  mpg cyl disp  hp drat  wt qsec vs am gear carb
Mazda RX4          21   6  160 110  3.9 2.6   16  0  1    4    4
Mazda RX4 Wag      21   6  160 110  3.9 2.9   17  0  1    4    4
Datsun 710         23   4  108  93  3.8 2.3   19  1  1    4    1
Hornet 4 Drive     21   6  258 110  3.1 3.2   19  1  0    3    1
Hornet Sportabout  19   8  360 175  3.1 3.4   17  0  0    3    2
Valiant            18   6  225 105  2.8 3.5   20  1  0    3    1

转置

cars  mtcars[1:5, 1:4]
cars

                  mpg cyl disp  hp
Mazda RX4          21   6  160 110
Mazda RX4 Wag      21   6  160 110
Datsun 710         23   4  108  93
Hornet 4 Drive     21   6  258 110
Hornet Sportabout  19   8  360 175

t(cars)

     Mazda RX4 Mazda RX4 Wag Datsun 710 Hornet 4 Drive Hornet Sportabout
mpg         21            21         23             21                19
cyl          6             6          4              6                 8
disp       160           160        108            258               360
hp         110           110         93            110               175

整合数据

options(digits=3)
attach(mtcars)
agg_data  aggregate(
  mtcars,
  by=list(cyl, gear),
  FUN=mean,
  na.rm=TRUE
)detach(mtcars)
agg_data

  Group.1 Group.2  mpg cyl disp  hp drat   wt qsec  vs   am gear carb
1       4       3 21.5   4  120  97 3.70 2.46 20.0 1.0 0.00    3 1.00
2       6       3 19.8   6  242 108 2.92 3.34 19.8 1.0 0.00    3 1.00
3       8       3 15.1   8  358 194 3.12 4.10 17.1 0.0 0.00    3 3.08
4       4       4 26.9   4  103  76 4.11 2.38 19.6 1.0 0.75    4 1.50
5       6       4 19.8   6  164 116 3.91 3.09 17.7 0.5 0.50    4 4.00
6       4       5 28.2   4  108 102 4.10 1.83 16.8 0.5 1.00    5 2.00
7       6       5 19.7   6  145 175 3.62 2.77 15.5 0.0 1.00    5 6.00
8       8       5 15.4   8  326 300 3.88 3.37 14.6 0.0 1.00    5 6.00

reshape2

示例数据，包括两个标识符变量 ID 和 Time，两个测量变量 X1 和 X2

my_data  data.frame(
  ID=c(1, 1, 2, 2),
  Time=c(1, 2, 1, 2),
  X1=c(5, 3, 6, 2),
  X2=c(6, 5, 1, 4)
)
my_data

  ID Time X1 X2
1  1    1  5  6
2  1    2  3  5
3  2    1  6  1
4  2    2  2  4

library(reshape2)

融合 `melt()`

每一行都是一个单独的测量，表示为：

唯一标识符 + 测量变量

md  melt(my_data, id=c("ID", "Time"))
md

  ID Time variable value
1  1    1       X1     5
2  1    2       X1     3
3  2    1       X1     6
4  2    2       X1     2
5  1    1       X2     6
6  1    2       X2     5
7  2    1       X2     1
8  2    2       X2     4

重铸 `dcast()`

不执行整合

相当于被重塑 (reshape)

dcast(md, ID + Time ~ variable)

  ID Time X1 X2
1  1    1  5  6
2  1    2  3  5
3  2    1  6  1
4  2    2  2  4

dcast(md, ID + variable ~ Time)

  ID variable 1 2
1  1       X1 5 3
2  1       X2 6 5
3  2       X1 6 2
4  2       X2 1 4

dcast(md, ID ~ variable + Time)

  ID X1_1 X1_2 X2_1 X2_2
1  1    5    3    6    5
2  2    6    2    1    4

执行整合

附加整合函数，例如 mean

dcast(md, ID ~ variable, mean.default)

  ID X1  X2
1  1  4 5.5
2  2  4 2.5

dcast(md, Time~variable, mean.default)

  Time  X1  X2
1    1 5.5 3.5
2    2 2.5 4.5

dcast(md, ID~Time, mean.default)

  ID   1 2
1  1 5.5 4
2  2 3.5 3

参考

R 语言实战

《图形初阶》

《基本数据管理》

题图由 ArtTower 在 Pixabay 上发布。

颜镇钟

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