1 三层交换vlan间通信
1.1 问题
VLAN实现了广播域的隔离,同时也将VLAN间的通信隔离了。三层交换技术使得VLAN间可以通信。
1)通过三层交换实现VLAN间通信
1.2 方案
为了解决了传统路由器低速、复杂所造成的网络瓶颈问题,引入了三层交换技术。它根据实际应用时的情况,灵活地在网络第二层或者第三层进行网络分段。具有三层交换功能的设备是一个带有第三层路由功能的第二层交换机。
简单地说,三层交换技术就是:二层交换技术+三层转发技术。
三层交换实现的拓扑如图-1所示:
图-1
1.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:在连接终端的PC机上划分3个VLAN,并按图-1把PC机加入相应VLAN
- tarenasw-2L(config)#vlan 2 //vlan1是默认VLAN,不需创建
- tarenasw-2L(config-vlan)#name HR
- tarenasw-2L(config-vlan)#vlan 3
- tarenasw-2L(config-vlan)#name Sales
- tarenasw-2L(config-vlan)#exit
- tarenasw-2L(config)#interface f0/1
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport mode access
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport access vlan 1
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#interface f0/2
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport mode access
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#interface f0/3
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport mode access
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3
步骤二:查看划分完的VLAN信息
VLAN1是默认VLAN,不需单独创建,也不能改名。所有端口默认都在VLAN1中。
- tarenasw-2L#show vlan
- VLAN Name Status Ports
- ---- ----------------------- --------- ---------------------
- 1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/4, Fa0/5, Fa0/6
- Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
- Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
- Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
- Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
- Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gig1/1, Gig1/2
- 2 HR active Fa0/2
- 3 Sales active Fa0/3
步骤三:将与三层交换机连接的二层交换机Fa0/24端口设置为中继模式
- tarenasw-2L(config)#interface f0/24
- tarenasw-2L(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
步骤四:在三层交换机上创建与二层交换机一样的VLAN
- tarenasw-3L(config)#vlan 2
- tarenasw-3L(config-vlan)#name HR
- tarenasw-3L(config-vlan)#vlan 3
- tarenasw-3L(config-vlan)#name Sales
步骤五:将与二层交换机连接的三层交换机Fa0/24端口设置为中继模式
- tarenasw-3L(config)#interface f0/24
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
步骤六:在三层交换机上创建SVI端口
三层交换只要简单的把每个VLAN当成一个逻辑端口,配好IP地址并启用交换机的路由功能即可实现。
VLAN创建完成并把接口加入VLAN后,创建SVI时该SVI端口会自动处于激活状态,不用运行no shutdown命令。快速查看端口状态命令为show ip interface brief。
- tarenasw-3L(config)#interface vlan 1
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#interface vlan 2
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#interface vlan 3
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
步骤七:启用三层交换机的路由功能,并查看路由表
配置三层交换并不需要配置静态路由或动态路由协议,因为所有的端口都是直连端口。
- tarenasw-3L(config)#ip routing
- tarenasw-3L(config)#exit
- tarenasw-3L#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan1
- C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan2
- C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan3
步骤八:在PC1机上测试VLAN间的连通性
- PC>ipconfig
- FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
- Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::2D0:D3FF:FE2E:5D25
- IP Address......................: 192.168.1.10
- Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
- Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.1
- PC>ping 192.168.2.10
- Pinging 192.168.2.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Request timed out.
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Ping statistics for 192.168.2.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
- PC>ping 192.168.3.10
- Pinging 192.168.3.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Request timed out.
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=127
- Ping statistics for 192.168.3.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
- PC>
2 三层交换配置路由
2.1 问题
三层交换机实现了VLAN间互通后,还要与其他网络进行通信,这样就需要有相关的路由机制。
1)交换接口配置为三层接口实现路由间通信
2.2 方案
三层交换机既然具有三层功能,也就可以实现与路由器相似的配置。既可以把交换接口配置为三层接口,也可以在其上配置静态、动态路由。通过对三层交换机的路由配置,实现VLAN与其他网络的互通。
网络的拓扑结构如图-2所示:
图-2
2.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:VLAN等配置与上面2 三层交换vlan间通信通完全一致,不再赘述
步骤二:将三层交换的Fa0/23口配置为三层路由端口,并配置IP地址
三层交换机的物理端口默认是二层端口,只具有二层特性,不能配置IP地址。把二层端口配置为三层端口后,该端口就具备路由功能了,可以配置IP地址,但同时也就关闭了其二层特性,比如不能把三层端口加入VLAN。
二层端口(交换机上的端口默认都是二层端口)默认是激活状态,那些没有使用到的端口为了安全应该手工将其禁用(shutdown);而三层端口(路由器上的端口或是三层交换机上被配置成路由端口的端口)默认是禁用状态,在使用之前务必要将其激活(no shutdown)。
- tarenasw-3L(config)#interface f0/23
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#no switchport
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-if)#no shutdown
步骤三:配置路由器的端口IP地址
- tarena-rouer(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-rouer(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-rouer(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-rouer(config-if)#interface f0/1
- tarena-rouer(config-if)#ip address 200.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-rouer(config-if)#no shutdown
步骤四:在三层交换机上配置默认路由,以便VLAN内主机可以与外界网络互联
- tarenasw-3L(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.10.1
- tarenasw-3L(config)#exit
- tarenasw-3L#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is 192.168.10.1 to network 0.0.0.0
- C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan1
- C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan2
- C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan3
- C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/23
- S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.10.1
步骤五:在路由器上配置到达三个VLAN网络的静路由
- tarena-rouer(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- tarena-rouer(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- tarena-rouer(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- tarena-rouer(config)#exit
- tarena-rouer#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
- S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
- S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
- C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
- C 200.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
- tarena-rouer#
步骤六:在Server上测试与三个VLAN的连通性
- SERVER>ipconfig
- FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
- Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::2E0:8FFF:FE14:BB43
- IP Address......................: 200.1.1.10
- Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
- Default Gateway.................: 200.1.1.1
- SERVER>ping 192.168.1.10
- Pinging 192.168.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Request timed out.
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.1.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>ping 192.168.2.10
- Pinging 192.168.2.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.2.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>ping 192.168.3.10
- Pinging 192.168.3.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.3.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>
3 RIP动态路由配置
3.1 问题
在相对较小而且结构不变的网络中,静态路由是很好的解决方案,它配置简单而且不过多消耗设备资源(动态路由协议在运行时要消耗路由器内部资源,在与其他路由器更新信息时又会消耗网络资源)。
然而在大型网络中,网络非常多,而且很有可能因为某些因素的影响,网络拓扑会有轻微变化。这时如果仍然采用静态路由就非常不方便了。
1)通过RIP实现路由间通信
3.2 方案
动态路由协议配置灵活,路由器会发送自身的路由信息给其他路由器,同时也会接收其他路由器发来的路由信息建立自己的路由表。这样在路由器上就不必像静态路由那样为每个目标地址都配置路由,因为路由器可以通过协议学习这些路由。网络拓扑改变,路由信息也会自动更新,无需管理员干预。
网络拓扑如图-3所示:
图-3
3.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:VLAN以及端口配置与上面3三层交换配置路由完全一致,不再赘述配置
步骤二:将上面【1.3在三层交换机上配置路由】中的静态、默认路由删除
- tarenasw-3L(config)#no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.10.1
- tarena-rouer(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- tarena-rouer(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
- tarena-rouer(config)#no ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.2
步骤三:分别在三层交换机和路由器上配置RIP路由协议
RIP路由协议在配置network时,只需要配置该路由器所直连的主类网络,不与该路由器直连的网络不需要包含在network中。
RIP默认工作在第一版本下,但是RIP-V1是有类路由协议,而且通过广播的方式进行路由更新,无论是功能上还是效率上都有一些缺陷,这些缺陷RIP-V2可以弥补。在使用时建议采用RIP-V2而不是RIP-V1。
- tarenasw-3L(config)#router rip
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#version 2
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#no auto-summary
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
- tarenasw-3L(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
- tarena-rouer(config)#router rip
- tarena-rouer(config-router)#version 2
- tarena-rouer(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
- tarena-rouer(config-router)#network 200.1.1.0
步骤四:分别在三层交换机和路由器上查看路由表
注意以R开头的路由,这些路由表示通过RIP协议从其他运行RIP的路由器学习过来的路由。每条路由都写明了目标网络、下一跳IP地址以及从自己哪个端口发出去。
- tarenasw-3L#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan1
- C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan2
- C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan3
- C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/23
- R 200.1.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.10.1, 00:00:07, FastEthernet0/23
- tarena-rouer#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.10.2, 00:00:10, FastEthernet0/0
- R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.10.2, 00:00:10, FastEthernet0/0
- R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.10.2, 00:00:10, FastEthernet0/0
- C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
- C 200.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
步骤五:在Server上测试到三个VLAN中主机的通信
- SERVER>ipconfig
- FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
- Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::2E0:8FFF:FE14:BB43
- IP Address......................: 200.1.1.10
- Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
- Default Gateway.................: 200.1.1.1
- SERVER>ping 192.168.1.10
- Pinging 192.168.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.1.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.1.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>ping 192.168.2.10
- Pinging 192.168.2.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.2.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.2.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>ping 192.168.3.10
- Pinging 192.168.3.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 192.168.3.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 192.168.3.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- SERVER>
- 31% /misc/nfsdir
NSD Cisco DAY03
- HSRP配置
- PVST+的配置
1 HSRP配置
1.1 问题
在企业网络到外部的连接方案中,要求不高的条件下可以是单出口。一旦该出口线路出现问题,整个企业网络就不能连接到外网了。为了使得企业网络到外网连接的高可用性,可以设置两个以上的出口,然而多个出口对于内网主机意味着我个网关。主机不能同时使用多个网关,当主机所使用的网关出现故障时,它不能实现网关的自动切换。
1)配置热备份路由协议
1.2 方案
在出口设备上配置热备份路由协议(HSRP),组成一个HSRP组,组内两个出口设备共享一个虚拟IP地址,该IP地址作为内网主机的网关。
HSRP组成员有主备之分,虚拟IP地址被附加到主设备上。如果主设备线路出故障,备份设备会成为主设备,虚拟IP地址也会迁移过来。这样,不管哪一个出口设备出现问题,不管哪个出口设备在提供外网接入,内网主机的网关都不需要改变。
网络拓扑图如图-1所示:
图-1
蓝色区域表示内网,上面模拟到外网的连接。
1.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:分别在三台路由器上配置端口IP地址
- tarena-R1(config)#int f0/0
- tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R1(config-if)#interface f0/1
- tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R2(config-if)#interface f0/1
- tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R3(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R3(config-if)#interface f0/1
- tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown
- tarena-R3(config-if)#interface f1/0
- tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 200.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
- tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown
步骤二:在R1和R2上配置到外网的默认路由
- tarena-R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.2
- tarena-R1(config)#end
- tarena-R1#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is 192.168.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0
- C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
- C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
- S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
- tarena-R1#
- tarena-R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
- tarena-R2(config)#exit
- tarena-R2#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is 192.168.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0
- C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
- C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
- S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
步骤三:在R3上配置到企业内网的静态路由
- tarena-R3(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
- tarena-R3(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
- tarena-R3(config)#end
- tarena-R3#show ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- P - periodic downloaded static route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- S 192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.1
- [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
- C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
- C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
- C 200.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
- tarena-R3#
步骤四:在R1上配置HSRP,指定其优先级为200
HSRP的默认优先级为100,路由器启动后,根据优先级决定谁可以成为活跃路由器,优先级高的将胜出。如果路由器优先级相同,再比较端口IP地址,IP地址大的成为活路跃路由器。
另外,如果优先级低的路由器先启动了,它将成为活跃路由器。优先级高的路由器启动后,发现已有活跃路由器存在,它将接受现状,直到活跃路由器出现故障它才会在重新选举时成为活跃角色。
- tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.0.254
- tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 200
- %HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby
- %HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Standby -> Active
配置HSRP后,通过输出日志可以观察到路由器角色的改变。
步骤五:在R2上配置HSRP,指定其优先级为195
- tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.0.254
- tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 195
- %HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby
步骤六:分别在R1和R2上查看HSRP信息
- tarena-R1#show standby brief
- P indicates configured to preempt.
- |
- Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP
- Fa0/0 1 200 Active local 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.254
- tarena-R2#show standby brief
- P indicates configured to preempt.
- |
- Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP
- Fa0/0 1 195 Standby 192.168.0.1 local 192.168.0.254
根据输出信息,可以看到优先级大的R1成为了活跃路由器,继续在其上面查看arp信息,能够查看到虚拟IP地址被附加到R1上了。
- tarena-R1#show ip arp
- Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
- Internet 192.168.0.1 - 0005.5E53.3001 ARPA FastEthernet0/0
- Internet 192.168.0.254 12 0000.0C9F.F001 ARPA FastEthernet0/0
- Internet 192.168.1.1 - 0005.5E53.3002 ARPA FastEthernet0/1
步骤七:在内部主机上测试到外网主机的连通性
- PC>ipconfig
- FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
- Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::207:ECFF:FE80:557D
- IP Address......................: 192.168.0.10
- Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
- Default Gateway.................: 192.168.0.254
- PC>ping 200.1.1.10
- Pinging 200.1.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 200.1.1.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- PC>tracert 200.1.1.10
- Tracing route to 200.1.1.10 over a maximum of 30 hops:
- 1 0 ms 1 ms 0 ms 192.168.0.1
- 2 0 ms 1 ms 0 ms 192.168.1.2
- 3 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 200.1.1.10
- Trace complete.
- PC>
Ping命令只能检测网络是否连通,如果要查看具体路径需要使用tracert。根据tracert显示结果,R1转发了PC机的数据包。
步骤八:关闭R1电源,模拟设备故障,查看R2的HSRP信息
- tarena-R2#
- %HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Standby -> Active
- tarena-R2#show standby brief
- P indicates configured to preempt.
- |
- Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP
- Fa0/0 1 195 Active local unknown 192.168.0.254
- tarena-R2#show ip arp
- Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
- Internet 192.168.0.2 - 0001.4200.9C01 ARPA FastEthernet0/0
- Internet 192.168.0.10 9 0007.EC80.557D ARPA FastEthernet0/0
- Internet 192.168.0.254 1 0000.0C9F.F001 ARPA FastEthernet0/0
- Internet 192.168.2.1 - 0001.4200.9C02 ARPA FastEthernet0/1
- Internet 192.168.2.2 9 0005.5E59.E002 ARPA FastEthernet0/1
结果显示R2已成为活跃路由器,而备份路由器状态未知。虚拟路由器的IP地址192.168.0.254/24也已迁移到R2上了。
步骤九:再次在内部主机上测试到外网主机的连通性
- PC>ping 200.1.1.10
- Pinging 200.1.1.10 with 32 bytes of data:
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
- Reply from 200.1.1.10: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
- Ping statistics for 200.1.1.10:
- Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
- Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
- Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
- PC>tracert 200.1.1.10
- Tracing route to 200.1.1.10 over a maximum of 30 hops:
- 1 1 ms 0 ms 0 ms 192.168.0.2
- 2 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 192.168.2.2
- 3 0 ms 1 ms 0 ms 200.1.1.10
- Trace complete.
- PC>
根据tracert结果,路由器R2转发了PC机的数据包
步骤十:再次在内部主机上测试到外网主机的连通性
备份路由器成为活跃路由器后,原来的活跃路由器R1即使线路修复也不会重新成为进入活跃状态。
为了使路由器完全根据优先级来决定其状态,需要配置占先权。占先权保证了严格根据优先级来决定哪台设备进入活跃状态。
- tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt
- tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
- tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 preempt
2 PVST+的配置
2.1 问题
二层网络中有可能出现因为线路故障而导致的通信故障,通过冗余线路可以消除因为某一线路故障而导致的网络中断。
但是因为冗余线路的存在,又可能会出现广播风暴、相同帧的不断复制和MAC地址表不稳定。
1)配置Switch1为vlan1的主根,Switch2为vlan1的次根
2.2 方案
为了保证在冗余环境下不会出广播风暴等问题,引入了生成树(STP)协议。通过生成树协议可以把冗余线路上的某一个端口置为阻塞(BLOCKING)状态,防止广播风暴的产生,当某一线路出现故障时,被阻塞的端口自动进入转发(FORWARDING)状态,保证网络的畅通性。
网络拓扑如图-2所示:
图-2
2.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:将三台交换机相连的端口配置为中继端口
- tarena-sw1(config)#interface range f0/12 -13
- tarena-sw1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
- tarena-sw2(config)#interface range f0/12, f0/23
- tarena-sw2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
- tarena-sw3(config)#interface range f0/13 ,f0/23
- tarena-sw3(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
步骤二:设置tarena-sw1为根网桥
根网桥唯一的依据是BID最小。BID分为两个部分:优先级+MAC地址。比较BID时,先比较优先级,如果优先级相同才比较MAC地址。
优先级取值范围是0到65535,默认值为32768。在查看优先级时,即使是默认值看到的也不是32768,因为交换机的优先级采用系统优先级+VLAN编号的方式,所以查看到的VLAN1默认优先级是32769(系统优先级32768+VLAN编号1)。
- tarena-sw1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary
- tarena-sw1(config)#exit
- tarena-sw1#show spanning-tree
- VLAN0001
- Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
- Root ID Priority 24577 //默认优先级为32768
- Address 0060.478B.607B
- This bridge is the root
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Bridge ID Priority 24577 (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 1)
- Address 0060.478B.607B
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Aging Time 20
- Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
- ----------- ------ --- -------- -------- ----------------------
- Fa0/13 Desg FWD 19 128.13 P2p
- Fa0/12 Desg FWD 19 128.12 P2p
查看到的结果,Root ID部分指的是根网桥信息,Bridge ID部分是当前所操作的交换机信息,如果二者一致表示当前操作的交换机就是根网桥。
步骤三:设置tarena-sw2为次根,即BID值大小居中
- tarena-sw2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary
- tarena-sw2#show spanning-tree
- VLAN0001
- Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
- Root ID Priority 24577 //此处虽然与tarena-sw1一样,但MAC地址更大
- Address 0060.478B.607B
- Cost 19
- Port 12(FastEthernet0/12)
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Bridge ID Priority 28673 (priority 28672 sys-id-ext 1)
- Address 0090.0C77.8924
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Aging Time 20
- Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
- ---------- ---- ---- ----- -------- ---------
- Fa0/12 Root FWD 19 128.12 P2p
- Fa0/23 Desg FWD 19 128.23 P2p
步骤四:tarena-sw3不需要做改动,直接查看STP状态
- tarena-sw3#show spanning-tree
- VLAN0001
- Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
- Root ID Priority 24577
- Address 0060.478B.607B
- Cost 19
- Port 13(FastEthernet0/13)
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Bridge ID Priority 32769 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1)
- Address 0060.5C9E.2E75
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Aging Time 20
- Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
- ---------- ------ ---- ----- -------- ----------
- Fa0/13 Root FWD 19 128.13 P2p
- Fa0/23 Altn BLK 19 128.23 P2p
观察Sts列(即状态status),Fa0/23端口当前是耳塞(BLK)状态,即该端口不能转发数据。
步骤五:模拟交换机间线缆故障。将tarena-sw2的Fa0/12口shutdown,再次检查tarena-sw3端口状态
- tarena-sw2(config)#interface f0/12
- tarena-sw2(config-if)#shutdown
- tarena-sw3#show spanning-tree
- VLAN0001
- Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
- Root ID Priority 24577
- Address 0060.478B.607B
- Cost 19
- Port 13(FastEthernet0/13)
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Bridge ID Priority 32769 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1)
- Address 0060.5C9E.2E75
- Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
- Aging Time 20
- Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
- ---------- ------ ---- ----- -------- ----------
- Fa0/13 Root FWD 19 128.13 P2p
- Fa0/23 Desg FWD 19 128.23 P2p
从tarena-sw3的输出可以看到,Fa0/23端口已从阻塞状态切换到转发(FWD)状态,保证了网络的畅通。当线路恢复(在rarena-sw2的Fa0/12端口执行no shutdown)后,tarena-sw3的Fa0/23端口将重新进入阻塞状态以网止环路的产生。
在查看时,tarena-sw3的Fa0/23端口不是立即进入转发或是阻塞状态。生成树端口有阻塞,侦听,学习和转发四个状态,当拓扑变化时,端口状态改变要遵从这些状态的逐渐改变。