1、The field of pattern recognition is concerned with the automatic discovery of regularities in data through the use of computer algorithms and with the use of these regularities to take actions such as classifying the data into different categories.
2、The ability to categorize correctly new examples that differ from those used for training is known as generalization.
3、This pre-processing stage is sometimes also called feature extraction.
4、Applications in which the training data comprises examples of the input vectors along with their corresponding target vectors are known as supervised learning problems.
5、Cases such as the digit recognition example, in which the aim is to assign each input vector to one of a finite number of discrete categories, are called classification problems.
6、If the desired output consists of one or more continuous variables, then the task is called regression.
7、In other pattern recognition problems, the training data consists of a set of input vectors x without any corresponding target values. The goal in such unsupervised learning problems may be to discover groups of similar examples within the data, where it is called clustering, or to determine the distribution of data within the input space, known as density estimation, or to project the data from a high-dimensional space down to two or three dimensions for the purpose of visualization.
8、A general feature of reinforcement learning is the trade-off between exploration, in which the system tries out new kinds of actions to see how effective they are, and exploitation, in which the system makes use of actions that are known to yield a high reward.
9、This chapter also provides a self-contained introduction to three important tools that will be used throughout the book, namely probability theory, decision theory, and information theory.
10、The results above suggest a simple way of achieving this, namely by taking the available data and partitioning it into a training set, used to determine the coefficients w, and a separate validation set, also called a hold-out set, used to optimize the model complexity.
11、A key concept in the field of pattern recognition is that of uncertainty. It arises both through noise on measurements, as well as through the finite size of data sets.
12、The variance of f(x) is defined by var[f] = E(f(x) − E[f(x)])2 and provides a measure of how much variability there is in f(x) around its mean value E[f(x)].
13、For two random variables x and y, the covariance expresses the extent to which x and y vary together. If x and y are independent, then their covariance vanishes.
14、Data points that are drawn independently from the same distribution are said to be independent and identically distributed, which is often abbreviated to i.i.d.
15、We have broken the classification problem down into two separate stages, the inference stage in which we use training data to learn a model for p(Ck|x), and the Decision Theory subsequent decision stage in which we use these posterior probabilities to make optimal class assignments.
16、An alternative possibility would be to solve both problems together and simply learn a function that maps inputs x directly into decisions. Such a function is called a discriminant function.
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、The 3D models can be classified in two large groups: volumetric model and skeletal models. Volumetric models are meant to describe the 3D visual appearance of the human hands and arms. Skeletal models are related to the human hand skeleton.
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、An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, the acceleration experienced relative to freefall.
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、A spinning wheel a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation of angular momentum.‖
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、Coorespondences are the heart of 3D reconstruction from images.
21、Matching pixel should have similar intensities. Most nearby pixels should have similar disparities.
22、Obstacle and free space can be detected from depth map and will be used in path planning.
23、The system is controllable if, for any two points x0, x1, there exists a time T and an admissible control defined on [0, T] such that for x(0) = x0, we have x(T) = x1.
24、Depth is calculated by triangulation against a known pattern from the projector
25、 The Kinect device can return the IR image, as well as a depth image created from the IR image.
26、A system and method are presented for use in the object reconstruction. The system comprises an illuminating unit, and an imaging unit (see figure 1). The illuminating unit comprises a coherent light source and a generator of a random speckle pattern accommodated in the optical path of illuminating light propagating from the light source towards an object, thereby projecting onto the object a coherent random speckle pattern. The imaging unit is configured for detecting a light response of an illuminated region and generating image data. The image data is indicative of the object with the projected speckles pattern and thus indicative of a shift of the pattern in the image of the object relative to a reference image of said pattern. This enables real-time reconstruction of a three- dimensional map of the object. accurate infared+ two camera
27、Computer graphics is the forward problem, give scene geometry, reflectances and lighting, synthesize an image.
28、Computer vision must address the inverse problem: given an image/multiple images, reconstruct the scene geometry, reflectacness and illumination.
29、Perspective projection is a mapping from points in 3D space to rays through the center of projection. bional camera two for manipulation and facility back kinect and forward kinect.
30、For each pixel in the IR image, a small correlation window is used to compare the local pattern at that pixel with the memorized pattern at that pixel and 64 neighboring pixel in a horizontal widow.
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