派生类与基类间的赋值兼容性

在任何需要基类对象的地方都可以用公有派生类的对象来代替，这条规则称赋值兼容规则。
它包括以下情况：

• 派生类的对象可以赋值给基类的对象，这时是把派生类对象中从对应基类中继承来的成员赋值给基类对象。反过来不行，因为派生类的新成员无值可赋。
• 可以将一个派生类的对象的地址赋给其基类的指针变量，但只能通过这个指针访问派生类中由基类继承来的成员，不能访问派生类中的新成员。同样也不能反过来做。
• 派生类对象可以初始化基类的引用。引用是别名，但这个别名只能包含派生类对象中的由基类继承来的成员

私有派生和保护派生不具备赋值兼容性 ！

示例代码：  （ 代码测试：http://codepad.org/V8uaM2Al ）

 1 #include <iostream>
 2 
 3 using std::cout ;
 4 using std::endl ;
 5 
 6 class Base
 7 {
 8 public :
 9    Base( ) { cout << "Create the Base Obj !" << endl ; }
10 
11    ~Base( ) { cout << "Destroy the Base Obj !" << endl ; }
12 
13    Base& operator=( const Base& )
14    {
15       cout << "Assignment Operator occur to the Base Obj !" << endl ;
16       return *this ;
17    }
18 
19 } ;
20 
21 class PublicInherit : public Base
22 {
23 public :
24    PublicInherit( ) { cout << "Create the PublicInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
25 
26    ~PublicInherit( ) { cout << "Destroy the PublicInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
27 
28 } ;
29 
30 class PrivateInherit : private Base
31 {
32 public :
33    PrivateInherit( ) { cout << "Create the PrivateInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
34 
35    ~PrivateInherit( ) { cout << "Destroy the PrivateInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
36 
37 } ;
38 class ProtectInherit : protected Base
39 {
40 public :
41    ProtectInherit( ) { cout << "Create the ProtectInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
42 
43    ~ProtectInherit( ) { cout << "Destroy the ProtectInherit Obj !" << endl ; }
44 
45 } ;
46 
47 int main( int argc, char **argv )
48 {
49    cout << "--------------- Create Obj ! ---------------" << endl ;
50    Base obj_base ;
51    Base *p_base = 0 ;
52 
53    PublicInherit *p_public = new PublicInherit( );
54    PrivateInherit *p_private = new PrivateInherit( );
55    ProtectInherit *p_protect = new ProtectInherit( );
56 
57    cout << endl << "-------- Assignment Occur to Obj !  --------" << endl ;
58 
59    obj_base = *p_public ;
60 
61    //obj_base = *p_private ;   // error: 'Base' is an inaccessible base of 'PrivateInherit'
62 
63    //obj_base = *p_protect ;   // error: 'Base' is an inaccessible base of 'ProtectInherit'
64 
65    cout << endl << "------ Assignment Occur to Pointer ! -------" << endl ;
66 
67    p_base = p_public ;
68 
69    //p_base = p_private ;      // error: 'Base' is an inaccessible base of 'PrivateInherit'
70 
71    //p_base = p_protect ;      // error: 'Base' is an inaccessible base of 'ProtectInherit'
72 
73    cout << endl << "-------------- Destroy Obj ! ---------------" << endl ;
74 
75    delete p_protect ;
76    delete p_private ;
77    delete p_public ;
78 
79 
80 }

运行结果：

 1 --------------- Create Obj ! ---------------
 2 Create the Base Obj !
 3 Create the Base Obj !
 4 Create the PublicInherit Obj !
 5 Create the Base Obj !
 6 Create the PrivateInherit Obj !
 7 Create the Base Obj !
 8 Create the ProtectInherit Obj !
 9 
10 -------- Assignment Occur to Obj !  --------
11 Assignment Operator occur to the Base Obj !
12 
13 ------ Assignment Occur to Pointer ! -------
14 
15 -------------- Destroy Obj ! ---------------
16 Destroy the ProtectInherit Obj !
17 Destroy the Base Obj !
18 Destroy the PrivateInherit Obj !
19 Destroy the Base Obj !
20 Destroy the PublicInherit Obj !
21 Destroy the Base Obj !
22 Destroy the Base Obj !

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/crazyhf/archive/2012/03/08/2385416.html