yum命令 启用仓库_技术|如何在 CentOS 中添加、启用和禁用一个仓库

在基于 RPM 的系统上，例如 RHEL、CentOS 等，我们中的许多人使用 yum 包管理器来管理软件的安装、删除、更新、搜索等。

Linux 发行版的大部分软件都来自发行版官方仓库。官方仓库包含大量免费和开源的应用和软件。它很容易安装和使用。

由于一些限制和专有问题，基于 RPM 的发行版在其官方仓库中没有提供某些包。另外，出于稳定性考虑，它不会提供最新版本的核心包。

为了克服这种情况，我们需要安装或启用需要的第三方仓库。对于基于 RPM 的系统，有许多第三方仓库可用，但所建议使用的仓库很少，因为这些不会替换大量的基础包。

建议阅读：

这可以在基于 RPM 的系统上完成，比如 RHEL, CentOS, OEL, Fedora 等。

Fedora 系统使用 dnf config-manager [options] [section …]

其它基于 RPM 的系统使用 yum-config-manager [options] [section …]

如何列出启用的仓库

只需运行以下命令即可检查系统上启用的仓库列表。

对于 CentOS/RHEL/OLE 系统：

# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

repo id repo name status

base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706

extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53

updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255

repolist: 8,014

对于 Fedora 系统：

# dnf repolist

如何在系统中添加一个新仓库

每个仓库通常都提供自己的 .repo 文件。要将此类仓库添加到系统中，使用 root 用户运行以下命令。在我们的例子中将添加 EPEL 仓库 和 IUS 社区仓库，见下文。

但是没有 .repo 文件可用于这些仓库。因此，我们使用以下方法进行安装。

对于 EPEL 仓库，因为它可以从 CentOS 额外仓库获得，所以运行以下命令来安装它。

# yum install epel-release -y

对于 IUS 社区仓库，运行以下 bash 脚本来安装。

# curl 'https://setup.ius.io/' -o setup-ius.sh

# sh setup-ius.sh

如果你有 .repo 文件，在 RHEL/CentOS/OEL 中，只需运行以下命令来添加一个仓库。

# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo

Loaded plugins: product-id, refresh-packagekit, subscription-manager

adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo

grabbing file http://www.example.com/example.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo

example.repo | 413 B 00:00

repo saved to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo

对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来添加一个仓库：

# dnf config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo

adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo

如果在添加这些仓库之后运行 yum repolist 命令，你就可以看到新添加的仓库了。Yes，我看到了。

注意：每当运行 yum repolist 命令时，该命令会自动从相应的仓库获取更新，并将缓存保存在本地系统中。

# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

epel/metalink | 6.1 kB 00:00

* epel: epel.mirror.constant.com

* ius: ius.mirror.constant.com

ius | 2.3 kB 00:00

repo id repo name status

base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706

epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505

extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53

ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390

updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255

repolist: 20,909

每个仓库都有多个渠道，比如测试(Testing)、开发(Dev)和存档(Archive)等。通过导航到仓库文件位置，你可以更好地理解这一点。

# ls -lh /etc/yum.repos.d

total 64K

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Base.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 647 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 289 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-fasttrack.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Media.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 May 18 11:07 CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 892 May 18 10:36 CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.2K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo.rpmnew

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 957 May 18 10:41 epel.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K Nov 4 2012 epel-testing.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-archive.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-dev.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 18 10:41 ius.repo

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-testing.repo

如何在系统中启用一个仓库

当你在默认情况下添加一个新仓库时，它将启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。在某些情况下，如果你希望启用它们的测试、开发或存档仓库，使用以下命令。另外，我们还可以使用此命令启用任何禁用的仓库。

为了验证这一点，我们将启用 epel-testing.repo，运行下面的命令：

# yum-config-manager --enable epel-testing

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================

[epel-testing]

bandwidth = 0

base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6

baseurl =

cache = 0

cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing

cost = 1000

enabled = 1

enablegroups = True

exclude =

failovermethod = priority

ftp_disable_epsv = False

gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir

gpgcakey =

gpgcheck = True

gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir

gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers

http_caching = all

includepkgs =

keepalive = True

mdpolicy = group:primary

mediaid =

metadata_expire = 21600

metalink =

mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64

mirrorlist_expire = 86400

name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64

old_base_cache_dir =

password =

persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing

pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages

proxy = False

proxy_dict =

proxy_password =

proxy_username =

repo_gpgcheck = False

retries = 10

skip_if_unavailable = False

ssl_check_cert_permissions = True

sslcacert =

sslclientcert =

sslclientkey =

sslverify = True

throttle = 0

timeout = 30.0

username =

运行 yum repolist 命令来检查是否启用了 “epel-testing”。它被启用了，我可以从列表中看到它。

# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security

Determining fastest mirrors

epel/metalink | 18 kB 00:00

epel-testing/metalink | 17 kB 00:00

* epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net

* epel-testing: mirror.us.leaseweb.net

* ius: mirror.team-cymru.com

base | 3.7 kB 00:00

centos-sclo-sclo | 2.9 kB 00:00

epel | 4.7 kB 00:00

epel/primary_db | 6.0 MB 00:00

epel-testing | 4.7 kB 00:00

epel-testing/primary_db | 368 kB 00:00

extras | 3.4 kB 00:00

ius | 2.3 kB 00:00

ius/primary_db | 216 kB 00:00

updates | 3.4 kB 00:00

updates/primary_db | 8.1 MB 00:00 ...

repo id repo name status

base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706

centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495

epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,509

epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64 809

extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53

ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390

updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288

repolist: 22,250

如果你想同时启用多个仓库，使用以下格式。这个命令将启用 epel、epel-testing 和 ius 仓库：

# yum-config-manager --enable epel epel-testing ius

对于 Fedora 系统，运行下面的命令来启用仓库：

# dnf config-manager --set-enabled epel-testing

如何在系统中禁用一个仓库

无论何时你在默认情况下添加一个新的仓库，它都会启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。如果你不想使用仓库，那么可以通过下面的命令来禁用它。

为了验证这点，我们将要禁用 epel-testing.repo 和 ius.repo，运行以下命令：

# yum-config-manager --disable epel-testing ius

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================

[epel-testing]

bandwidth = 0

base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6

baseurl =

cache = 0

cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing

cost = 1000

enabled = 0

enablegroups = True

exclude =

failovermethod = priority

ftp_disable_epsv = False

gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir

gpgcakey =

gpgcheck = True

gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir

gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers

http_caching = all

includepkgs =

keepalive = True

mdpolicy = group:primary

mediaid =

metadata_expire = 21600

metalink =

mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64

mirrorlist_expire = 86400

name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64

old_base_cache_dir =

password =

persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing

pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages

proxy = False

proxy_dict =

proxy_password =

proxy_username =

repo_gpgcheck = False

retries = 10

skip_if_unavailable = False

ssl_check_cert_permissions = True

sslcacert =

sslclientcert =

sslclientkey =

sslverify = True

throttle = 0

timeout = 30.0

username =

========================================================================================= repo: ius =========================================================================================

[ius]

bandwidth = 0

base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6

baseurl =

cache = 0

cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius

cost = 1000

enabled = 0

enablegroups = True

exclude =

failovermethod = priority

ftp_disable_epsv = False

gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgcadir

gpgcakey =

gpgcheck = True

gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgdir

gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEY

hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/headers

http_caching = all

includepkgs =

keepalive = True

mdpolicy = group:primary

mediaid =

metadata_expire = 21600

metalink =

mirrorlist = https://mirrors.iuscommunity.org/mirrorlist?repo=ius-centos6&arch=x86_64&protocol=http

mirrorlist_expire = 86400

name = IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64

old_base_cache_dir =

password =

persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius

pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/packages

proxy = False

proxy_dict =

proxy_password =

proxy_username =

repo_gpgcheck = False

retries = 10

skip_if_unavailable = False

ssl_check_cert_permissions = True

sslcacert =

sslclientcert =

sslclientkey =

sslverify = True

throttle = 0

timeout = 30.0

username =

运行 yum repolist 命令检查 “epel-testing” 和 “ius” 仓库是否被禁用。它被禁用了，我不能看到那些仓库，除了 “epel”。

# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net

repo id repo name status

base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706

centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495

epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505

extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53

updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288

repolist: 21,051

或者，我们可以运行以下命令查看详细信息：

# yum repolist all | grep "epel*\|ius*"

* epel: mirror.steadfast.net

epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 enabled: 12,509

epel-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled

epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled

epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled

epel-testing-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled

epel-testing-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled

ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-archive IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-archive-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-archive-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-dev IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-dev-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-dev-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-testing IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-testing-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

ius-testing-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来启用一个仓库：

# dnf config-manager --set-disabled epel-testing

或者，可以通过手动编辑适当的 repo 文件来完成。为此，打开相应的 repo 文件并将值从 enabled=0 改为 enabled=1(启用仓库)或从 enabled=1 变为 enabled=0(禁用仓库)。

即从：

[epel]

name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch

#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch

mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch

failovermethod=priority

enabled=0

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

改为：

[epel]

name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch

#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch

mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch

failovermethod=priority

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

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