OpenPyXl的使用
创建一个workbook
在刚开始使用openpyxl的时候,不需要直接在文件系统中创建一个文件,仅仅需要导入Workbook类并开始使用它:
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> wb = Workbook()
一个workbook总是会创建至少一个worksheet(工作表),可以通过openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.active()这个属性去获取:
>>> ws = wb.active
这个函数使用_active_sheet_index这个属性,默认设置的值是0,除非你指定一个值,否则总是获取到第一个worksheet。
你可以使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.create_sheet()来创建一个新的worksheet:
>>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default)# or >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position
当创建脚标的时候会自动创建一个名字,按照(Sheet, Sheet1, Sheet2, ...)这个列表名创建,你可以使用tiitle属性来修改这个名字:
>>> ws.title = "New Title"
一旦给了一个worksheet名字,就可以通过一个key去获取这个worksheet:
>>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]
你可以使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.sheetnames()这个属性获取所有的脚标的名字:
>>> print(wb.sheetnames)['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
可以迭代所有的脚标:
>>> for sheet in wb: ... print(sheet.title)
可以使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.copy_worksheet()这个属性复制一个worksheet:
>>> source = wb.active >>> target = wb.copy_worksheet(source)
注意:只有cells 和 styles能够被复制,不能在workbooks之间复制worksheets,你可以在一个workbook中复制worksheets
玩数据
获取一个cell
现在我们已经知道怎么访问一个worksheet,我们可以开始修改cell的内容了。(一个cell就是一个单元格)
cell可以直接通过key来获取:
>>> c = ws['A4']
这将会返回一个cell或创建一个不存在的cell。cell 的值可以直接被赋值:
>>> ws['A4'] = 4
也可以使用另外一个方法openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.cell():
>>> d = ws.cell(row=4, column=2, value=10)
Note:当在内存当中创建一个worksheet的时候,它没有包含任何cell,当它们第一次被访问的时候被创建
Warning:因为excel表的滚动特性,滚动出来的cell也会被创建出来,即使没有访问那些cell,例如:
>>> for i in range(1,101): ... for j in range(1,101): ... ws.cell(row=i, column=j)
这将会创建100*100个空的cell
访问多个cell
使用切片可以访问多个cell
>>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']
行和列能够被轻松的获取到:
>>> colC = ws['C'] >>> col_range = ws['C:D'] >>> row10 = ws[10] >>> row_range = ws[5:10]
也可以使用openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.iter_rows()这个方法:
>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): ... for cell in row: ... print(cell) <Cell Sheet1.A1> <Cell Sheet1.B1> <Cell Sheet1.C1> <Cell Sheet1.A2> <Cell Sheet1.B2> <Cell Sheet1.C2>
相似的方法openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.iter_cols()也可以:
>>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): ... for cell in col: ... print(cell) <Cell Sheet1.A1> <Cell Sheet1.A2> <Cell Sheet1.B1> <Cell Sheet1.B2> <Cell Sheet1.C1> <Cell Sheet1.C2>
如果你想迭代一个文件的所有行或列,可以使用openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.rows()这个属性:
>>> ws = wb.active
>>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'
>>> tuple(ws.rows)
((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>), (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>), (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>), (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>), (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>), (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>), (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>), (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>), (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))
或者openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.columns()这个属性:
>>> tuple(ws.columns)
((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.A6>, ... <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.B9>), (<Cell Sheet.C1>, <Cell Sheet.C2>, <Cell Sheet.C3>, <Cell Sheet.C4>, <Cell Sheet.C5>, <Cell Sheet.C6>, <Cell Sheet.C7>, <Cell Sheet.C8>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))
数据存储
一旦我们有了一个openpyxl.cell.Cell,我们就可以给它赋值:
>>> c.value = 'hello, world' >>> print(c.value)'hello, world' >>> d.value = 3.14 >>> print(d.value)3.14
也能使用类型和格式推断:
>>> wb = Workbook(guess_types=True) >>> c.value = '12%' >>> print(c.value) 0.12 >>> import datetime >>> d.value = datetime.datetime.now() >>> print d.valuedatetime.datetime(2010, 9, 10, 22, 25, 18) >>> c.value = '31.50' >>> print(c.value) 31.5
保存到文件
最简单和快速的保存一个workbook方法是使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook模块的openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.save()这个方法:
>>> wb = Workbook() >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')
Warning:这个方法将会在没有警告提示下覆盖已经有的内容
可以使用template=True将一个workbook保存成一个模版:
>>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx') >>> wb.template = True >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx')
或者设置这个属性为false(默认)来保存为一个文件:
>>> wb = load_workbook('document_template.xltx') >>> wb.template = False >>> wb.save('document.xlsx', as_template=False)
*Warning:当保存文档的时候在模版文档中你应该注意文档的扩展名(后缀名)和数据描述,否则可能会导致文档不能被再次打开,如下错误式例:
>>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx') >>> # 应该保存成扩展名为*.xlsx >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # Excel软件不能再次打开此文件 >>> >>> # 或者 >>> >>> # 应该指定属性keep_vba=True >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsm') >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # Excel软件不能再次打开此文件 >>> >>> # 或者 >>> >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xltm', keep_vba=True) >>> # 如果我们需要一个模版文件,就必须指定扩展名为 *.xltm. >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # Excel软件不能再次打开此文件
加载一个文件
类似于写文件,可以导入openpyxl.load_workbook()来打开一个已经存在的workbook:
>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook >>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx') >>> print wb2.get_sheet_names() ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
基本教程已经完了。接下来是一些使用例子:
写一个workbook
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> from openpyxl.compat import range >>> from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter >>> >>> wb = Workbook() >>> >>> dest_filename = 'empty_book.xlsx' >>> >>> ws1 = wb.active >>> ws1.title = "range names" >>> >>> for row in range(1, 40): ... ws1.append(range(600)) >>> >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet(title="Pi") >>> >>> ws2['F5'] = 3.14 >>> >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet(title="Data") >>> for row in range(10, 20): ... for col in range(27, 54): ... _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=row, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col))) >>> print(ws3['AA10'].value) AA >>> wb.save(filename = dest_filename)
读取一个已经存在的文件
>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
>>> wb = load_workbook(filename = 'empty_book.xlsx') >>> sheet_ranges = wb['range names'] >>> print(sheet_ranges['D18'].value)
警告:openpyxl不能读取Excle中所有的对象,当打开和保存相同名字的文件的时候,图片和图表将会丢失
使用数字格式:
>>> import datetime
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> wb = Workbook() >>> ws = wb.active >>> # set date using a Python datetime >>> ws['A1'] = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 21) >>> >>> ws['A1'].number_format 'yyyy-mm-dd h:mm:ss' >>> # You can enable type inference on a case-by-case basis >>> wb.guess_types = True >>> # set percentage using a string followed by the percent sign >>> ws['B1'] = '3.14%' >>> wb.guess_types = False >>> ws['B1'].value 0.031400000000000004 >>> >>> ws['B1'].number_format '0%'
使用公式:
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> wb = Workbook() >>> ws = wb.active >>> # add a simple formula >>> ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1, 1)" >>> wb.save("formula.xlsx")
警告:公式必须使用英文名,并且公式的参数必须使用逗号分隔,不能使用其他的符号如分号
openpyxl从不评估公式,但是可以检查公式的名字:
>>> from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE >>> "HEX2DEC" in FORMULAE True
如果你想使用一个不知道的公式,这可能是因为你使用的公式,没有包括在初始规范。 这样的公式必须以xlfn作为前缀。
合并/取消合并单元格:
>>> from openpyxl.workbook import Workbook >>> >>> wb = Workbook() >>> ws = wb.active >>> >>> ws.merge_cells('A1:B1') >>> ws.unmerge_cells('A1:B1') >>> >>> # or >>> ws.merge_cells(start_row=2,start_column=1,end_row=2,end_column=4) >>> ws.unmerge_cells(start_row=2,start_column=1,end_row=2,end_column=4)
插入图片:
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> from openpyxl.drawing.image import Image >>> >>> wb = Workbook() >>> ws = wb.active >>> ws['A1'] = 'You should see three logos below' >>> # create an image >>> img = Image('logo.png') >>> # add to worksheet and anchor next to cells >>> ws.add_image(img, 'A1') >>> wb.save('logo.xlsx')
折叠列:
>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.Workbook() >>> ws = wb.create_sheet() >>> ws.column_dimensions.group('A','D', hidden=True) >>> wb.save('group.xlsx')
使用Pandas 和 NumPy
openpyxl可以配合使用Pandas 和 NumPy这两个很受欢迎的库
NumPy Support
openpyxl已内置支持NumPy类型float,integer和boolean。 DateTimes支持使用Pandas的时间戳类型。
openpyxl.utils.dataframe.dataframe_to_rows()方法提供简单的方式使用Pandas 的Dataframes:
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.utils.dataframe import dataframe_to_rows wb = Workbook() ws = wb.active for r in dataframe_to_rows(df, index=True, header=True): ws.append(r)
要将数据框转换为突出显示的标题和索引:
wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active for r in dataframe_to_rows(df, index=True, header=True): ws.append(r) for cell in ws['A'] + ws[1]: cell.style = 'Pandas' wb.save("pandas_openpyxl.xlsx")
如果你只是想转换数据,可以使用只写模式:
from openpyxl.cell.cell import WriteOnlyCell wb = Workbook(write_only=True) ws = wb.create_sheet() cell = WriteOnlyCell(ws) cell.style = 'Pandas' def format_first_row(row, cell): for c in row: cell.value = c yield cell rows = dataframe_to_rows(df) first_row = format_first_row(next(rows), cell) ws.append(first_row) for row in rows: row = list(row) cell.value = row[0] row[0] = cell ws.append(row) wb.save("openpyxl_stream.xlsx")
将工作表转换为Dataframe
要将工作表转换为Dataframe,您可以使用values属性。 如果工作表没有标题或索引,这很容易:
df = DataFrame(ws.values)
如果工作表有标题或索引,例如Pandas创建的那个,那么需要做更多的工作:
data = ws.values
cols = next(data)[1:] data = list(data) idx = [r[0] for r in data] data = (islice(r, 1, None) for r in data) df = DataFrame(data, index=idx, columns=cols)
使用过滤和排序
要添加过滤器,请定义范围,然后添加列和排序条件:
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook() ws = wb.active data = [ ["Fruit", "Quantity"], ["Kiwi", 3], ["Grape", 15], ["Apple", 3], ["Peach", 3], ["Pomegranate", 3], ["Pear", 3], ["Tangerine", 3], ["Blueberry", 3], ["Mango", 3], ["Watermelon", 3], ["Blackberry", 3], ["Orange", 3], ["Raspberry", 3], ["Banana", 3] ] for r in data: ws.append(r) ws.auto_filter.ref = "A1:B15" ws.auto_filter.add_filter_column(0, ["Kiwi", "Apple", "Mango"]) ws.auto_filter.add_sort_condition("B2:B15") wb.save("filtered.xlsx")
这将添加相关的指令到文件,但不会实际过滤或排序。