1、python到底有那几种字符串格式化模块?
python有3种格式化字符串的方法:
- 传统的%字符串格式符
- str.format函数
- 字符串模版template
新的python 3.6+还提供了新的f修饰符
2、传统的%字符串格式符
python采用了类似于在C语言中使用sprintf的字符串格式化输出。String对象有一个独特的内置操作:%操作符。 这也称为字符串格式化或插值运算符。 给定格式%值(其中format是字符串),转换规范将格式的%将替换为零个或多个元素值。
‘%[[(key)][flag][width][.precision]]type’%(key list)
如果format单个参数,则key可以是单个非元组对象: ‘%s’%key。否则,值必须是具有格式字符串指定的项目数的元组,或者是单个映射对象(例如,字典)。
flag可以是#, 0, -, 空格,或是+:
Flag 意义 # The value conversion will use the ``alternate form'' (where defined below). 0 The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values. - The converted value is left adjusted (overrides the "0" conversion if both are given). (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion. + A sign character ("+" or "-") will precede the conversion (overrides a "space" flag).
type可以是下面定义不同类型:
type 意义 注释 d Signed integer decimal. i Signed integer decimal. o Unsigned octal. (1) u Unsigned decimal. x Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase). (2) X Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase). (2) e Floating point exponential format (lowercase). E Floating point exponential format (uppercase). f Floating point decimal format. F Floating point decimal format. g Same as "e" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision, "f" otherwise. G Same as "E" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision, "F" otherwise. c Single character (accepts integer or single character string). r String (converts any python object using repr()). (3) s String (converts any python object using str()). (4) % No argument is converted, results in a "%" character in the result.
比如:
-
>>> '%(name)s GPA is %(#)07.3f'%{'name':'Yue', '#':88.2}
'Yue GPA is 088.200' -
>>> '%(name)10s GPA is %(#) 7.2f'%{'name':'Jun', '#':89.1299}
' Jun GPA is 89.13'
3. str.format函数
PEP 3101 规定了使用str.format()函数格式化字符串的标准。str.format()的语法:
'...{replacement_field}...'.format(*arg, **kargs)
具体解释如下:
replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}" field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")* arg_name ::= [identifier | integer] attribute_name ::= identifier element_index ::= integer | index_string index_string ::= <any source character except "]"> + conversion ::= "r" | "s" format_spec ::= <described in the next section>
例子:
>>> 'Bring {0} a {1}'.format('me', 'apple') # 和C#有点像,数字代表位置 'Bring me a apple' >>> 'Bring {} a {}'.format('me', 'apple') 'Bring me a apple' >>> 'Bring {name} a {fruit}'.format(fruit='me', name='apple') 'Bring apple a me'
下面是format_spec的定义:
format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type] fill ::= <any character> align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^" sign ::= "+" | "-" | " " width ::= integer precision ::= integer type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"
有时候,还需要更进一步定制,这时需要使用string模块里的formatter类来定制格式, Formatter类有以下公共函数:
format
(format_string, *args, **kwargs):它调用下面vformat函数。vformat
(format_string, args, kwargs):根据参数和格式化串产生相应的字符串。它调用下面可以重载的函数。
此外,Formatter
类还定义了其他一些可以重载的函数:
parse
(format_string):分解格式化定义format_string;get_field
(field_name, args, kwargs):根据parse()的输出,为某一field产生格式化对象;get_value
(key, args, kwargs):获取某一field的值;check_unused_args
(used_args, args, kwargs)format_field
(value, format_spec)convert_field
(value, conversion)
4. 字符串模版template
模板支持基于$的替换,而不是正常的基于%的替换:
- $$用于替换$。
- $ identifier命名匹配映射关键字“identifier”的替换占位符。 默认情况下,“identifier”必须拼写Python标识符。 $字符后面的第一个非标识符字符终止此占位符规范。
- $ {identifier}相当于$ identifier。 当有效标识符字符跟随占位符但不是占位符的一部分时,例如“$ {noun} ification”,则需要它。
- 字符串中$在其他任何地方出现,都将导致ValueError异常。
例子:
>>> from string import Template >>> s1 = Template('Today is $weekday, it is $weather') >>> s1.substitute(weekday = 'Tuesday', weather = 'sunny') 'Today is Tuesday, it is sunny' >>> s1.substitute(weekday = 'Tuesday') ... KeyError: 'weather' >>> s1.safe_substitute(weekday = 'Tuesday') 'Today is Tuesday, it is $weather' >>> s2 = Template('$fruit is $2.99 per pound') >>> s2.substitute(fruit = 'apple') ... ValueError: Invalid placeholder in string: line 1, col 11 >>> s2 = Template('$fruit is $$2.99 per pound') >>> s2.substitute(fruit = 'apple') 'apple is $2.99 per pound'
References:
[1] https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting
[2] https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html