这里假定单片机是时钟频率为12MHz，则一个机器周期为：1us.
参考了 51单片机 Keil C 延时程序的简单研究后，我们可知道， 在Keil C中获得最为准确的延时函数将是
void
delay(unsigned
char
t)
{
while(--t);
}
执行DJNZ指令需要2个机器周期，RET指令同样需要2个机器周期，根据输入t，在不计算调用delay()所需时间的情况下，具体时间延时如下：
| t | Delay Time (us) |
| 1 | 2×1+2 ＝4 |
| 2 | 2×2＋2＝6 |
| N | 2×N＋2＝2(N＋1) |
当在main函数中调用delay(1)时， 进行反汇编如下：
调用delay()时，多执行了两条指令，其中MOV R, #data需要1个机器周期，LJMP需要2个机器周期，即调用delay()需要3us.
Keil C仿真截图与计算过程:
加上调用时间，准确的计算时间延时与Keil C仿真对比如下：(可见,仿真结果和计算结果是很接近的)
| t | Delay Time (us) | 仿真11.0592Mhz时钟(us) |
| 1 | 3＋2×1+2 ＝7 | 7.7(实际) | 7.60 |
| 2 | 3＋2×2＋2＝9 | 9.9 | 9.76 |
| N | 3＋2×N＋2＝2N＋5 | (2N+5)*1.1 | / |
| 3 | 11 | 12.1 | 11.94 |
| 15 | 35 | 38.5 | 37.98 |
| 100 | 205 | 225.5 | 222.44 |
| 255 | 515 | 566.5 | 558.81 |
也就是说，这个延时函数的精度为2us，最小的时间延时为7us，最大的时间延时为3+255×2＋2＝515us.
实际中使用11.0592MHz的时钟，这个延时函数的精度将为2.2us，最小时间延时为7.7us, 最大时间延时为566.5us.
这个时间延时函数，对于与DS18B20进行单总线通信，已经足够准确了。
现在，我们将时钟换成11.0592MHz这个实际用到的频率，每个机器周期约为1.1us.
现在让我们来分析一下这个之前用过的延时函数：
//
延时函数, 对于11.0592MHz时钟, 例i=10,则大概延时10ms.
void
delayMs(unsigned
int
i)
{ unsigned int j; while(i--)
{ for(j = 0; j < 125; j++);
}}
它的反汇编代码如下：
分析: T表示一个机器周期(调用时间相对于这个ms级的延时来说，可忽略不计)
2 DEC R7 ;1T 低8位字节减1
3 MOV R2, 0x06 ;2T
4 JNZ C: 0007 ;2T 若低8位字节不为0, 则跳到C: 0007
5 DEC R6 ;1T 低8位字节为0, 则高8位字节减1
6 C: 0007 ORL A, R2 ;1T
7 JZ C:001D ;2T 若高8位也减为0, 则RET
8 CLR A ;1T A清零
9 MOV R4, A ;1T R4放高位
10 MOV R5, A ;1T R5放低位
11 C:000D CLR C ;1T C清零
12 MOV A, R5 ;1T
13 SUBB A, #0x7d ;1T A = A - 125
14 MOV A, R4 ;1T
15 SUBB A, #0x00 ;1T A
16 JNC C: 0000 ;2T A为零则跳到C: 0000
17 INC R5 ;1T R5增1
18 CJNE R5,#0x00, C:001B ;2T R5 > 0 , 跳转到C:000D
19 INC R4 ;1T
20 C:001B SJMP C:000D ;2T
21 C:001D RET
对于delayMs(1), 执行到第7行就跳到21行, 共需时12T, 即13.2us
对于delayMs(2), 需时9T＋13T＋124×10T＋7T＋12T ＝ 9T＋13T＋1240T＋7T＋12T ＝1281T ＝1409.1us.
对于delayMs(3), 需时9T×(3-1)＋(13T＋124×10T＋7T)×(3-1)＋12T
＝1269T×(3-1)＋12T＝2550T＝2805us.
对于delayMs(N),N>1, 需时1269T×(N－1)＋12T = 1269NT－1257T＝(1395.9N-1382.7)us.
利用Keil C仿真delayMs(1) = 0.00166558s = 1.67ms 截图如下:
由分析可知具体的计算延时时间与Keil C仿真延时对比如下：
| i | Time Delay | 仿真延时 |
| 1 | 13.2us | 1.67ms |
| 2 | 1409.1us | 3.31ms |
| 3 | 2805us | 4.96ms |
| N | (1395.9N－1382.7)us | |
| 10 | 12.6ms | 16.50ms |
| 20 | 26.5ms | 32.98ms |
| 30 | 40.5ms | 49.46ms |
| 50 | 68.4ms | 82.43ms |
| 100 | 138.2ms | 164.84ms |
| 200 | 277.8ms | 329.56ms |
| 500 | 696.6ms | 824.13ms |
| 1000 | 1394.5ms | 1648.54ms |
| 1500 | 2092.5ms | 2472.34ms |
| 2000 | 2790.4ms | 3296.47ms |
| 5 | 5.6ms | 8.26ms |
| 73 | 100.5ms | 120.34ms |
| 720 | 1003.7ms = 1s | 1186.74ms |
计算delayMs(10)得到延时时间为：12576.3us约等于12.6ms，接近我们认为的10ms。
计算结果和仿真结果只要delayMs(1)有很大出入, 其它都接近, 在接受范围内.
经过以上分析，可见用C语言来做延时并不是不太准确，只是不容易做到非常准确而已，若有一句语句变了，延时时间很可能会不同，因为编译程序生成的汇编指令很可能不同。
PS:
对于每条51单片机汇编指令的字长和所需机器周期汇总如下：转自：http://bbs.mcustudy.com/printpage.asp?BoardID=2&ID=1454
Appendix E - 8051 Instruction Set
Arithmetic Operations
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
ADD A,Rn Add register to Accumulator (ACC). 1 1
ADD A,direct Add direct byte to ACC. 2 1
ADD A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC. 1 1
ADD A,#data Add immediate data to ACC. 2 1
ADDC A,Rn Add register to ACC with carry. 1 1
ADDC A,direct Add direct byte to ACC with carry. 2 1
ADDC A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC with carry. 1 1
ADDC A,#data Add immediate data to ACC with carry. 2 1
SUBB A,Rn Subtract register from ACC with borrow. 1 1
SUBB A,direct Subtract direct byte from ACC with borrow 2 1
SUBB A,@Ri Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow. 1 1
SUBB A,#data Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow. 2 1
INC A Increment ACC. 1 1
INC Rn Increment register. 1 1
INC direct Increment direct byte. 2 1
INC @Ri Increment indirect RAM. 1 1
DEC A Decrement ACC. 1 1
DEC Rn Decrement register. 1 1
DEC direct Decrement direct byte. 2 1
DEC @Ri Decrement indirect RAM. 1 1
INC DPTR Increment data pointer. 1 2
MUL AB Multiply A and B Result: A <- low byte, B <- high byte. 1 4
DIV AB Divide A by B Result: A <- whole part, B <- remainder. 1 4
DA A Decimal adjust ACC. 1 1
Logical Operations
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
ANL A,Rn AND Register to ACC. 1 1
ANL A,direct AND direct byte to ACC. 2 1
ANL A,@Ri AND indirect RAM to ACC. 1 1
ANL A,#data AND immediate data to ACC. 2 1
ANL direct,A AND ACC to direct byte. 2 1
ANL direct,#data AND immediate data to direct byte. 3 2
ORL A,Rn OR Register to ACC. 1 1
ORL A,direct OR direct byte to ACC. 2 1
ORL A,@Ri OR indirect RAM to ACC. 1 1
ORL A,#data OR immediate data to ACC. 2 1
ORL direct,A OR ACC to direct byte. 2 1
ORL direct,#data OR immediate data to direct byte. 3 2
XRL A,Rn Exclusive OR Register to ACC. 1 1
XRL A,direct Exclusive OR direct byte to ACC. 2 1
XRL A,@Ri Exclusive OR indirect RAM to ACC. 1 1
XRL A,#data Exclusive OR immediate data to ACC. 2 1
XRL direct,A Exclusive OR ACC to direct byte. 2 1
XRL direct,#data XOR immediate data to direct byte. 3 2
CLR A Clear ACC (set all bits to zero). 1 1
CPL A Compliment ACC. 1 1
RL A Rotate ACC left. 1 1
RLC A Rotate ACC left through carry. 1 1
RR A Rotate ACC right. 1 1
RRC A Rotate ACC right through carry. 1 1
SWAP A Swap nibbles within ACC. 1 1
Data Transfer
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
MOV A,Rn Move register to ACC. 1 1
MOV A,direct Move direct byte to ACC. 2 1
MOV A,@Ri Move indirect RAM to ACC. 1 1
MOV A,#data Move immediate data to ACC. 2 1
MOV Rn,A Move ACC to register. 1 1
MOV Rn,direct Move direct byte to register. 2 2
MOV Rn,#data Move immediate data to register. 2 1
MOV direct,A Move ACC to direct byte. 2 1
MOV direct,Rn Move register to direct byte. 2 2
MOV direct,direct Move direct byte to direct byte. 3 2
MOV direct,@Ri Move indirect RAM to direct byte. 2 2
MOV direct,#data Move immediate data to direct byte. 3 2
MOV @Ri,A Move ACC to indirect RAM. 1 1
MOV @Ri,direct Move direct byte to indirect RAM. 2 2
MOV @Ri,#data Move immediate data to indirect RAM. 2 1
MOV DPTR,#data16 Move immediate 16 bit data to data pointer register. 3 2
MOVC A,@A+DPTR Move code byte relative to DPTR to ACC (16 bit address). 1 2
MOVC A,@A+PC Move code byte relative to PC to ACC (16 bit address). 1 2
MOVX A,@Ri Move external RAM to ACC (8 bit address). 1 2
MOVX A,@DPTR Move external RAM to ACC (16 bit address). 1 2
MOVX @Ri,A Move ACC to external RAM (8 bit address). 1 2
MOVX @DPTR,A Move ACC to external RAM (16 bit address). 1 2
PUSH direct Push direct byte onto stack. 2 2
POP direct Pop direct byte from stack. 2 2
XCH A,Rn Exchange register with ACC. 1 1
XCH A,direct Exchange direct byte with ACC. 2 1
XCH A,@Ri Exchange indirect RAM with ACC. 1 1
XCHD A,@Ri Exchange low order nibble of indirect RAM with low order nibble of ACC. 1 1
Boolean Variable Manipulation
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
CLR C Clear carry flag. 1 1
CLR bit Clear direct bit. 2 1
SETB C Set carry flag. 1 1
SETB bit Set direct bit. 2 1
CPL C Compliment carry flag. 1 1
CPL bit Compliment direct bit. 2 1
ANL C,bit AND direct bit to carry flag. 2 2
ANL C,/bit AND compliment of direct bit to carry. 2 2
ORL C,bit OR direct bit to carry flag. 2 2
ORL C,/bit OR compliment of direct bit to carry. 2 2
MOV C,bit Move direct bit to carry flag. 2 1
MOV bit,C Move carry to direct bit. 2 2
JC rel Jump if carry is set. 2 2
JNC rel Jump if carry is not set. 2 2
JB bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set. 3 2
JNB bit,rel Jump if direct bit is not set. 3 2
JBC bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set & clear bit. 3 2
Program Branching
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
ACALL addr11 Absolute subroutine call. 2 2
LCALL addr16 Long subroutine call. 3 2
RET Return from subroutine. 1 2
RETI Return from interrupt. 1 2
AJMP addr11 Absolute jump. 2 2
LJMP addr16 Long jump. 3 2
SJMP rel Short jump (relative address). 2 2
JMP @A+DPTR Jump indirect relative to the DPTR. 1 2
JZ rel Jump relative if ACC is zero. 2 2
JNZ rel Jump relative if ACC is not zero. 2 2
CJNE A,direct,rel Compare direct byte to ACC and jump if not equal. 3 2
CJNE A,#data,rel Compare immediate byte to ACC and jump if not equal. 3 2
CJNE Rn,#data,rel Compare immediate byte to register and jump if not equal. 3 2
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel Compare immediate byte to indirect and jump if not equal. 3 2
DJNZ Rn,rel Decrement register and jump if not zero. 2 2
DJNZ direct,rel Decrement direct byte and jump if not zero. 3 2
Other Instructions
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
NOP No operation. 1 1
其它可查看《单片机基础》－李广弟等编著，P70 “MCS-51单片机指令汇总”
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