在Linux中,trap命令主要用于接收信号并采取行动,信号是异步发送到一个程序的事件,在默认情况下,可以终止一个程序,trap命令原型如下:
trap command signal
signal是指接收到的信号,command是接收到该信号采取的行动。如下为两种简单的信号。
信号
说明
INT(2)
Ctrl + C
QUIT(3)
Ctrl + \
trap命令常见的用途在于脚本程序中断时完成清理工作,比如临时文件等。例子程序如下:
#!/bin/sh
trap 'rm -f /tmp/my_tmp_file_$$' INT
echo "creating file /tmp/my_tmp_file_$$"
date > /tmp/my_tmp_file_$$
echo "press interrupt (CTRL-C) to interrupt ......"
while [ -f /tmp/my_tmp_file_$$ ]; do
echo "File exists"
sleep 3
done
echo" we never get here"
exit 0
注:$$表示当前的shell进程号。运行该脚本,首先在tmp下创建临时文件my_tmp_file_$$,如果遇到INT中断,即Ctrl+c,即删除该文件。
trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
格式:trap "commands" signals
当shell接收到signals指定的信号时,执行commands命令。(The command arg is to be read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) sigspec. )
格式:trap signals
如果没有指定命令部分,那么就将信号处理复原。比如 trap INT 就表明恢复Ctrl+C退出。(If arg is absent (and there is a single sigspec) or -, each specified signal is reset to its original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). )
格式:trap "" signals
忽略信号signals,可以多个,比如 trap "" INT 表明忽略SIGINT信号,按Ctrl+C也不能使脚本退出。又如 trap "" HUP 表明忽略SIGHUP信号,即网络断开时也不能使脚本退出。(If arg is the null string the signal specified by each sigspec is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. )
格式:trap -p
格式:trap -p signal
把当前的trap设置打印出来。(If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each sigspec are displayed. If no arguments are supplied or if only -p is given, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal.)
格式:trap -l
把所有信号打印出来。(The -l option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each sigspec is either a signal name defined in , or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional.)
格式:trap "commands" EXIT
脚本退出时执行commands指定的命令。(If a sigspec is EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit from the shell.)
格式:trap "commands" DEBUG
在脚本执行时打印调试信息,比如打印将要执行的命令及参数列表。(If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before every simple command, for command, case command, select command, every arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see SHELL GRAMMAR above). Refer to the description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin for details of its effect on the DEBUG trap.)
格式:trap "commands" ERR
当命令出错,退出码非0,执行commands指定的命令。(If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following a while or until keyword, part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ┅Ι│ list, or if the command’s return value is being inverted via !. These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit option.)
格式:trap "commands" RETURN
当从shell函数返回、或者使用source命令执行另一个脚本文件时,执行commands指定的命令。(If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or source builtins finishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a child process when it is created. The return status is false if any sigspec is invalid; otherwise trap returns true.)