引用参数，引用返回值

函数形参诗引用，程序输出如程序最后的注释，表明引用s代表的是对象s2.

//函数中的引用
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
    int x;
public:
    Sample(int a): x(a) {
        cout<<"call constructor Sample(int a)"<<endl;
    }
    Sample(Sample &a): x(a.x) {
        cout <<"call constructor Sample(Sample &a)"<<endl;
    }
    int getX(){ return x;}
};

//形参为引用
void disp(Sample &s) { cout << s.getX();}
//void disp(Sample s) { cout << s.getX();}
int main()
{
    Sample s1(22), s2(s1);
    disp(s2);
    return 0;
}

/*output
call constructor Sample(int a)
call constructor Sample(Sample &a)
22
*/

函数形参不是引用程序输出如注释，结果显示调用了两次类Sample的复制构造函数，第一次是创建S2对象时调用，第二次是传递参数时调用，即将s1对象拷贝给形参s时调用了复制构造函数。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
    int x;
public:
    Sample(int a): x(a) {
        cout<<"call constructor Sample(int a)"<<endl;
    }
    Sample(Sample &a): x(a.x) {
        cout <<"call constructor Sample(Sample &a)"<<endl;
    }
    int getX(){ return x;}
};

//形参不是引用
//void disp(Sample &s) { cout << s.getX();}
void disp(Sample s) { cout << s.getX();}
int main()
{
    Sample s1(22), s2(s1);
    disp(s1);
    return 0;
}

/*output
call constructor Sample(int a)
call constructor Sample(Sample &a)
call constructor Sample(Sample &a)
22
*/

返回值是非引用对象，返回栈中的对象，函数返回后栈中的对象消失。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
    int x;
public:
    Sample() {}
    Sample(int a): x(a) {
        cout<<"call constructor Sample(int a)"<<endl;
    }
    Sample(Sample &a): x(a.x) {
        cout <<"call constructor Sample(Sample &a)"<<endl;
    }
    ~Sample() {
        cout << "call destructor"<<endl;
    }
    int getX(){ return x;}
};

//形参是引用
void disp(Sample &s) {
    cout << s.getX()<<endl;;
}
//返回值不是引用
Sample copy(Sample &a) {
    Sample s(a.getX());
    cout<<"call copy function"<<endl;
    return s;
}
int main()
{
    Sample s1(22), s2;
    s2 = copy(s1);
    disp(s2);
    return 0;
}

/*output
call constructor Sample(int a)
call constructor Sample(int a)
call copy function
call destructor
22
call destructor
call destructor
*/

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
    int x;
public:
    Sample() {}
    Sample(int a): x(a) {
        cout<<"call constructor Sample(int a)"<<endl;
    }
    Sample(Sample &a): x(a.x) {
        cout <<"call constructor Sample(Sample &a)"<<endl;
    }
    ~Sample() {
        cout << "call destructor"<<endl;
    }
    int getX(){ return x;}
};

//形参是引用
void disp(Sample &s) {
    cout << s.getX()<<endl;;
}
//返回值是引用
Sample& copy(Sample &a) {
    //本地变量，程序发出警告，引用本地变量
    Sample s(a.getX());
    cout<<"call copy function"<<endl;
    return s;
}
int main()
{
    Sample s1(22), s2 = copy(s1);
   //s2 = copy(s1);
    disp(s2);
    return 0;
}

/*output
call constructor Sample(int a)
call constructor Sample(int a)
call copy function
call destructor
call constructor Sample(Sample &a)
2686744
call destructor
call destructor
*/


int main()
{
    Sample s1(22), s2;
    s2 = copy(s1);
    disp(s2);
    return 0;
}
/*output
call constructor Sample(int a)
call constructor Sample(int a)
call copy function
call destructor
22
call destructor
call destructor
*/

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/haocoder/p/4928659.html