Ruby基础语法三 ：array 和 hash

Array

1. 数组定义:有序列，可容纳任意元素, 下标由0开始

1 array = [1, 'Bob', 4.33, 'another string']
2 puts array.first #=>1
3 p array.last #=>another string
4 p array[2] #=>4.33

2. 修改数组

 1 pop, push, <<, unshift
 2 array = [1, 'Bob', 4.33, 'another string']
 3 p array.pop #=>"another string"
 4 p array #=>[1, "Bob", 4.33]
 5 p array.push("another string") #=>[1, "Bob", 4.33, "another string"]
 6 p array << "another string" #=>[1, "Bob", 4.33, "another string", "another string"]
 7  
 8 b = ['a', 'b'] ; b.unshift('c') # b = ["c", "a", "b"]
 9  
10 map,collect,delete,delete_at,uniq,uniq!
11 array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
12 #map对每个元素进行代码块内的操作，返回一个新的数组
13 p array.map{|num| num **2} #=>[1, 4, 9, 16]
14 p array #=>[1, 2, 3, 4]
15 #collect是map的别名
16 p array.collect{|num| num **2} #=>[1, 4, 9, 16]
17 #delete_at 删除index位置的元素
18 p array.delete_at(2),array #=>3, [1, 2, 4]
19 #delete 删除某个值
20 p array.delete(4), array #=>4, [1, 2]
21  
22 for i in (1..5) do array.push(i); array.push(i) end
23 #now array:[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5]
24 #uniq，遍历数组元素，删除重复值，并返回一个新的数组
25 p array.uniq, array.length #=>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] , array不变，长度仍为12
26 #uniq!永久删除原数组中的重复元素
27 p array.uniq!, array #=>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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3. 遍历数组

 1 arr = []
 2 #给数组赋值
 3 (1..6).each do |i|
 4     arr << i
 5 end
 6  
 7 arr.each do |e|
 8     p e
 9 end
10  
11 p arr.select {|num| num > 4} #[5, 6]
12 p arr #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

4.Copy

 1 Hash copy: (数组同)
 2 b = a  #a,b指向同一个hash
 3 b = a.clone # a,b是两个不同的hash
 4 b = a.dup # 与clone效果相同
 5  
 6 但当a中元素的值也为引用时，要注意clone，copy仍然是引用。有坑，调了俩小时才弄明白，要注意：
 7 a = [{"name" => "jk", "age"=>28, "gender"=>"male"}]
 8  
 9 param = ["age", "gender"]
10 param.each do |pa|
11     #b = a.clone #wrong output
12     b = [a[0].clone] #success
13     b[0].delete(pa)
14     p a, b
15 end

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wrong output:

success:

 

5. nested arrays（平时用二维数组比较少）

1 nested_arrarys = [[1,2,3],["time","2016-12-6"],[1..20]]
2 p nested_arrarys[2]

6. 数组比较： ==

7. to_s 把数组转换成字符串，ruby在需要的情况下会自动转换。比较的时候可能会用到，如a.to_s.include?("abc")这种

8. 常用方法：

运行[].methods 查看一下，挺多，p [].methods.size 目前是176个。用的ruby是2.3.1p112

 1 ##include?
 2 a = [1,2]
 3 p a.include?(1) #true
 4 p a.include?(0) #false
 5 ##flatten : 多维数组变一维（二向箔…）
 6 nested_arrarys = [[1,2,3],["time","2016-12-6"],[1..20]]
 7 p nested_arrarys.flatten #output:[1, 2, 3, "time", "2016-12-6", 1..20]
 8 ##each_index：按数组index遍历
 9 a = [2,3, 4,5]
10 a.each_index{|i| puts "This is index #{i}"}
11 ##output:
12 ##each_with_index：遍历index和对应value
13 a = [2,3, 4,5]
14 a.each_with_index{|va, i| puts "index:#{i} value:#{va}"}
15 ##sort: 排序
16 a = [3,1,3,7,5,9,0,8]
17 p a.sort #=>[0, 1, 3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9]
18 p a    #=>[3, 1, 3, 7, 5, 9, 0, 8]
19 ##product： combine two arrays in an interesting way
20 p [1, 2, 3].product([4, 5]) #=>[[1, 4], [1, 5], [2, 4], [2, 5], [3, 4], [3, 5]]

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Hashes  key-value

key和value都可以是多种数据类型

1. 写法：

1 p old_syntax_hash = {:name => 'bob'} #=>{:name=>"bob"}
2 p new_hash = {name: 'bob'} #=>{:name=>"bob"}

2. 访问&赋值&删除

1 p new_hash[:name] #=>"bob"
2 new_hash[:age] = 17
3 p new_hash #{:name=>"bob", :age=>17}
4 new_hash.delete(:name)
5 p new_hash #{:age=>17}
6 3. merge两个hash
7 old_syntax_hash.merge!(new_hash)
8 p old_syntax_hash #=>{:name=>"bob", :age=>17}
9 p new_hash #=>{:age=>17}

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 3. 遍历：

 1 who = {:name => "who", :age => 6, :hobby => "sing"}
 2 who.each do |key, value|
 3     p "who's #{key} is #{value}"
 4 end
 5 #"who's name is who"
 6 #"who's age is 6"
 7 #"who's hobby is sing"
 8  
 9 who = {:name => "who", :age => 6 }
10 who.each_key {|k| p k} #=>:name :age
11 who.each_value {|v| p v} #=> "who" 6

4. 常用方法：

 1 ##has_key?
 2 fruits = {:apple => "green", :strawberry => "red", :orange => "orange"}
 3 p fruits.has_key?(:apple) #=>true
 4 p fruits.has_key?("apple") #=>false
 5 p fruits.has_key?(:pear) #=>false
 6  
 7 ##select
 8 p fruits.select {|k,v| k == :orange} #=>{:orange=>"orange"}
 9 p fruits.select {|k,v| v == "orange" || k == :strawberry}
10 #=> {:strawberry=>"red", :orange=>"orange"}
11  
12 ##fetch
13 #1.key存在，返回value; 2 key 不存在：打印指定信息；不指定信息，报错
14 p fruits.fetch(:apple) #=>"green"
15 p fruits.fetch(:banana , "banana is gone") #=>"banana is gone"
16  
17 ##to_a: 转成array，不改变原值
18 p fruits.to_a #=>[[:apple, "green"], [:strawberry, "red"], [:orange, "orange"]]
19 p fruits #=>{:apple=>"green", :strawberry=>"red", :orange=>"orange"}
20  
21 ##keys and values
22 p fruits.keys #=>[:apple, :strawberry, :orange]
23 p fruits.values #=>["green", "red", "orange"]

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5. 小练习：

Write a program that prints out groups of words that are anagrams.  （anagrams :字母相同，顺序不同而组成的词）

 1 words = ['demo', 'none', 'tied', 'evil', 'dome',
 2          'fowl', 'veil', 'wolf', 'diet', 'vile',
 3          'flow', 'neon']
 4  
 5 result = {}       
 6  
 7 words.each do |word|
 8     key = word.split('').sort.join
 9     if result.has_key?(key)
10         result[key].push(word)
11     else
12         result[key] = [word]
13     end
14 end
15  
16 result.each do |k, v|
17     puts "-------"
18     p v
19 end
20 output:
21 ["demo", "dome"]
22 -------
23 ["none", "neon"]
24 ……
25 ……

 

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/nightcatcher/p/6223852.html