stark组件的设计主要来源于django中admin的功能，在django admin中只需要将模型表进行注册，就可以在页面对该表进行curd的动作，那么django admin是如何做的呢？
在django中有自动发现功能的函数，发现每一个admin模块
# ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME is unused, but should stay since its import from here # has been referenced in documentation. from django.contrib.admin.decorators import register from django.contrib.admin.filters import ( AllValuesFieldListFilter, BooleanFieldListFilter, ChoicesFieldListFilter, DateFieldListFilter, FieldListFilter, ListFilter, RelatedFieldListFilter, RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter, SimpleListFilter, ) from django.contrib.admin.helpers import ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME from django.contrib.admin.options import ( HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, ModelAdmin, StackedInline, TabularInline, ) from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite, site from django.utils.module_loading import autodiscover_modules __all__ = [ "register", "ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME", "ModelAdmin", "HORIZONTAL", "VERTICAL", "StackedInline", "TabularInline", "AdminSite", "site", "ListFilter", "SimpleListFilter", "FieldListFilter", "BooleanFieldListFilter", "RelatedFieldListFilter", "ChoicesFieldListFilter", "DateFieldListFilter", "AllValuesFieldListFilter", "RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter", "autodiscover", ] def autodiscover(): autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site) default_app_config = 'django.contrib.admin.apps.AdminConfig'
class AppConfig: """Class representing a Django application and its configuration.""" def __init__(self, app_name, app_module): # Full Python path to the application e.g. 'django.contrib.admin'. self.name = app_name # Root module for the application e.g. <module 'django.contrib.admin' # from 'django/contrib/admin/__init__.py'>. self.module = app_module # Reference to the Apps registry that holds this AppConfig. Set by the # registry when it registers the AppConfig instance. self.apps = None # The following attributes could be defined at the class level in a # subclass, hence the test-and-set pattern. # Last component of the Python path to the application e.g. 'admin'. # This value must be unique across a Django project. if not hasattr(self, 'label'): self.label = app_name.rpartition(".")[2] # Human-readable name for the application e.g. "Admin". if not hasattr(self, 'verbose_name'): self.verbose_name = self.label.title() # Filesystem path to the application directory e.g. # '/path/to/django/contrib/admin'. if not hasattr(self, 'path'): self.path = self._path_from_module(app_module) # Module containing models e.g. <module 'django.contrib.admin.models' # from 'django/contrib/admin/models.py'>. Set by import_models(). # None if the application doesn't have a models module. self.models_module = None # Mapping of lower case model names to model classes. Initially set to # None to prevent accidental access before import_models() runs. self.models = None def __repr__(self): return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.label) def _path_from_module(self, module): """Attempt to determine app's filesystem path from its module.""" # See #21874 for extended discussion of the behavior of this method in # various cases. # Convert paths to list because Python's _NamespacePath doesn't support # indexing. paths = list(getattr(module, '__path__', [])) if len(paths) != 1: filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None) if filename is not None: paths = [os.path.dirname(filename)] else: # For unknown reasons, sometimes the list returned by __path__ # contains duplicates that must be removed (#25246). paths = list(set(paths)) if len(paths) > 1: raise ImproperlyConfigured( "The app module %r has multiple filesystem locations (%r); " "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass " "with a 'path' class attribute." % (module, paths)) elif not paths: raise ImproperlyConfigured( "The app module %r has no filesystem location, " "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass " "with a 'path' class attribute." % (module,)) return paths[0] @classmethod def create(cls, entry): """ Factory that creates an app config from an entry in INSTALLED_APPS. """ try: # If import_module succeeds, entry is a path to an app module, # which may specify an app config class with default_app_config. # Otherwise, entry is a path to an app config class or an error. module = import_module(entry) except ImportError: # Track that importing as an app module failed. If importing as an # app config class fails too, we'll trigger the ImportError again. module = None mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition('.') # Raise the original exception when entry cannot be a path to an # app config class. if not mod_path: raise else: try: # If this works, the app module specifies an app config class. entry = module.default_app_config except AttributeError: # Otherwise, it simply uses the default app config class. return cls(entry, module) else: mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition('.') # If we're reaching this point, we must attempt to load the app config # class located at <mod_path>.<cls_name> mod = import_module(mod_path) try: cls = getattr(mod, cls_name) except AttributeError: if module is None: # If importing as an app module failed, that error probably # contains the most informative traceback. Trigger it again. import_module(entry) else: raise # Check for obvious errors. (This check prevents duck typing, but # it could be removed if it became a problem in practice.) if not issubclass(cls, AppConfig): raise ImproperlyConfigured( "'%s' isn't a subclass of AppConfig." % entry) # Obtain app name here rather than in AppClass.__init__ to keep # all error checking for entries in INSTALLED_APPS in one place. try: app_name = cls.name except AttributeError: raise ImproperlyConfigured( "'%s' must supply a name attribute." % entry) # Ensure app_name points to a valid module. try: app_module = import_module(app_name) except ImportError: raise ImproperlyConfigured( "Cannot import '%s'. Check that '%s.%s.name' is correct." % ( app_name, mod_path, cls_name, ) ) # Entry is a path to an app config class. return cls(app_name, app_module) def get_model(self, model_name, require_ready=True): """ Return the model with the given case-insensitive model_name. Raise LookupError if no model exists with this name. """ if require_ready: self.apps.check_models_ready() else: self.apps.check_apps_ready() try: return self.models[model_name.lower()] except KeyError: raise LookupError( "App '%s' doesn't have a '%s' model." % (self.label, model_name)) def get_models(self, include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False): """ Return an iterable of models. By default, the following models aren't included: - auto-created models for many-to-many relations without an explicit intermediate table, - models that have been swapped out. Set the corresponding keyword argument to True to include such models. Keyword arguments aren't documented; they're a private API. """ self.apps.check_models_ready() for model in self.models.values(): if model._meta.auto_created and not include_auto_created: continue if model._meta.swapped and not include_swapped: continue yield model def import_models(self): # Dictionary of models for this app, primarily maintained in the # 'all_models' attribute of the Apps this AppConfig is attached to. self.models = self.apps.all_models[self.label] if module_has_submodule(self.module, MODELS_MODULE_NAME): models_module_name = '%s.%s' % (self.name, MODELS_MODULE_NAME) self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name) def ready(self): """ Override this method in subclasses to run code when Django starts. """
from django.apps import AppConfig from django.contrib.admin.checks import check_admin_app, check_dependencies from django.core import checks from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _ class SimpleAdminConfig(AppConfig): """Simple AppConfig which does not do automatic discovery.""" name = 'django.contrib.admin' verbose_name = _("Administration") def ready(self): checks.register(check_dependencies, checks.Tags.admin) checks.register(check_admin_app, checks.Tags.admin) class AdminConfig(SimpleAdminConfig): """The default AppConfig for admin which does autodiscovery.""" def ready(self): super().ready() self.module.autodiscover()
在admin这个py文件中执行
def autodiscover(): autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site)
所以程序去每一个app下发现admin.py文件，这样拿到其中注册的表，然后通过site这个单例对象进行register注册
def register(self, model_or_iterable, admin_class=None, **options): """ Register the given model(s) with the given admin class. The model(s) should be Model classes, not instances. If an admin class isn't given, use ModelAdmin (the default admin options). If keyword arguments are given -- e.g., list_display -- apply them as options to the admin class. If a model is already registered, raise AlreadyRegistered. If a model is abstract, raise ImproperlyConfigured. """ if not admin_class: admin_class = ModelAdmin if isinstance(model_or_iterable, ModelBase): model_or_iterable = [model_or_iterable] for model in model_or_iterable: if model._meta.abstract: raise ImproperlyConfigured( 'The model %s is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin.' % model.__name__ ) if model in self._registry: raise AlreadyRegistered('The model %s is already registered' % model.__name__) # Ignore the registration if the model has been # swapped out. if not model._meta.swapped: # If we got **options then dynamically construct a subclass of # admin_class with those **options. if options: # For reasons I don't quite understand, without a __module__ # the created class appears to "live" in the wrong place, # which causes issues later on. options['__module__'] = __name__ admin_class = type("%sAdmin" % model.__name__, (admin_class,), options) # Instantiate the admin class to save in the registry self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)
然后将注册的model和写的类model_class以及site对象封入到字典中
self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)
另外就是admin中的路由系统，它是如何实现的呢？
urlpatterns = [ ... path('admin/', admin.site.urls), ... ]
查看urls：
@property def urls(self): return self.get_urls(), 'admin', self.name
self.get_urls()
def get_urls(self): from django.urls import include, path, re_path # Since this module gets imported in the application's root package, # it cannot import models from other applications at the module level, # and django.contrib.contenttypes.views imports ContentType. from django.contrib.contenttypes import views as contenttype_views def wrap(view, cacheable=False): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return self.admin_view(view, cacheable)(*args, **kwargs) wrapper.admin_site = self return update_wrapper(wrapper, view) # Admin-site-wide views. urlpatterns = [ path('', wrap(self.index), name='index'), path('login/', self.login, name='login'), path('logout/', wrap(self.logout), name='logout'), path('password_change/', wrap(self.password_change, cacheable=True), name='password_change'), path( 'password_change/done/', wrap(self.password_change_done, cacheable=True), name='password_change_done', ), path('jsi18n/', wrap(self.i18n_javascript, cacheable=True), name='jsi18n'), path( 'r/<int:content_type_id>/<path:object_id>/', wrap(contenttype_views.shortcut), name='view_on_site', ), ] # Add in each model's views, and create a list of valid URLS for the # app_index valid_app_labels = [] for model, model_admin in self._registry.items(): urlpatterns += [ path('%s/%s/' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name), include(model_admin.urls)), ] if model._meta.app_label not in valid_app_labels: valid_app_labels.append(model._meta.app_label) # If there were ModelAdmins registered, we should have a list of app # labels for which we need to allow access to the app_index view, if valid_app_labels: regex = r'^(?P<app_label>' + '|'.join(valid_app_labels) + ')/$' urlpatterns += [ re_path(regex, wrap(self.app_index), name='app_list'), ] return urlpatterns
可以看到标红的地方是路由的二级分发，通过include()方法，另外model_admin是在另一个option模块中。
class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin): """Encapsulate all admin options and functionality for a given model.""" list_display = ('__str__',) list_display_links = () list_filter = () list_select_related = False list_per_page = 100 list_max_show_all = 200 list_editable = () search_fields = () date_hierarchy = None save_as = False save_as_continue = True save_on_top = False paginator = Paginator preserve_filters = True inlines = [] # Custom templates (designed to be over-ridden in subclasses) add_form_template = None change_form_template = None change_list_template = None delete_confirmation_template = None delete_selected_confirmation_template = None object_history_template = None popup_response_template = None # Actions actions = [] action_form = helpers.ActionForm actions_on_top = True actions_on_bottom = False actions_selection_counter = True checks_class = ModelAdminChecks def __init__(self, model, admin_site): self.model = model self.opts = model._meta self.admin_site = admin_site super().__init__() def __str__(self): return "%s.%s" % (self.model._meta.app_label, self.__class__.__name__) def get_inline_instances(self, request, obj=None): inline_instances = [] for inline_class in self.inlines: inline = inline_class(self.model, self.admin_site) if request: if not (inline.has_add_permission(request) or inline.has_change_permission(request, obj) or inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)): continue if not inline.has_add_permission(request): inline.max_num = 0 inline_instances.append(inline) return inline_instances def get_urls(self): from django.urls import path def wrap(view): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs) wrapper.model_admin = self return update_wrapper(wrapper, view) info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name urlpatterns = [ path('', wrap(self.changelist_view), name='%s_%s_changelist' % info), path('add/', wrap(self.add_view), name='%s_%s_add' % info), path('autocomplete/', wrap(self.autocomplete_view), name='%s_%s_autocomplete' % info), path('<path:object_id>/history/', wrap(self.history_view), name='%s_%s_history' % info), path('<path:object_id>/delete/', wrap(self.delete_view), name='%s_%s_delete' % info), path('<path:object_id>/change/', wrap(self.change_view), name='%s_%s_change' % info), # For backwards compatibility (was the change url before 1.9) path('<path:object_id>/', wrap(RedirectView.as_view( pattern_name='%s:%s_%s_change' % ((self.admin_site.name,) + info) ))), ] return urlpatterns @property def urls(self): return self.get_urls() @property def media(self): extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min' js = [ 'vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra, 'jquery.init.js', 'core.js', 'admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js', 'actions%s.js' % extra, 'urlify.js', 'prepopulate%s.js' % extra, 'vendor/xregexp/xregexp%s.js' % extra, ] return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/%s' % url for url in js]) def get_model_perms(self, request): """ Return a dict of all perms for this model. This dict has the keys ``add``, ``change``, and ``delete`` mapping to the True/False for each of those actions. """ return { 'add': self.has_add_permission(request), 'change': self.has_change_permission(request), 'delete': self.has_delete_permission(request), } def _get_form_for_get_fields(self, request, obj): return self.get_form(request, obj, fields=None) def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs): """ Return a Form class for use in the admin add view. This is used by add_view and change_view. """ if 'fields' in kwargs: fields = kwargs.pop('fields') else: fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj)) excluded = self.get_exclude(request, obj) exclude = [] if excluded is None else list(excluded) readonly_fields = self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj) exclude.extend(readonly_fields) if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude: # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the # ModelAdmin doesn't define its own. exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude) # if exclude is an empty list we pass None to be consistent with the # default on modelform_factory exclude = exclude or None # Remove declared form fields which are in readonly_fields. new_attrs = OrderedDict.fromkeys( f for f in readonly_fields if f in self.form.declared_fields ) form = type(self.form.__name__, (self.form,), new_attrs) defaults = { "form": form, "fields": fields, "exclude": exclude, "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request), } defaults.update(kwargs) if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']): defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS try: return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults) except FieldError as e: raise FieldError( '%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.' % (e, self.__class__.__name__) ) def get_changelist(self, request, **kwargs): """ Return the ChangeList class for use on the changelist page. """ from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ChangeList return ChangeList def get_changelist_instance(self, request): """ Return a `ChangeList` instance based on `request`. May raise `IncorrectLookupParameters`. """ list_display = self.get_list_display(request) list_display_links = self.get_list_display_links(request, list_display) # Add the action checkboxes if any actions are available. if self.get_actions(request): list_display = ['action_checkbox'] + list(list_display) ChangeList = self.get_changelist(request) return ChangeList( request, self.model, list_display, list_display_links, self.get_list_filter(request), self.date_hierarchy, self.get_search_fields(request), self.get_list_select_related(request), self.list_per_page, self.list_max_show_all, self.list_editable, self, ) def get_object(self, request, object_id, from_field=None): """ Return an instance matching the field and value provided, the primary key is used if no field is provided. Return ``None`` if no match is found or the object_id fails validation. """ queryset = self.get_queryset(request) model = queryset.model field = model._meta.pk if from_field is None else model._meta.get_field(from_field) try: object_id = field.to_python(object_id) return queryset.get(**{field.name: object_id}) except (model.DoesNotExist, ValidationError, ValueError): return None def get_changelist_form(self, request, **kwargs): """ Return a Form class for use in the Formset on the changelist page. """ defaults = { "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request), } defaults.update(kwargs) if defaults.get('fields') is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults.get('form')): defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults) def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs): """ Return a FormSet class for use on the changelist page if list_editable is used. """ defaults = { "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request), } defaults.update(kwargs) return modelformset_factory( self.model, self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0, fields=self.list_editable, **defaults ) def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None): """ Yield formsets and the corresponding inlines. """ for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj): yield inline.get_formset(request, obj), inline def get_paginator(self, request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True): return self.paginator(queryset, per_page, orphans, allow_empty_first_page) def log_addition(self, request, object, message): """ Log that an object has been successfully added. The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object. """ from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, ADDITION return LogEntry.objects.log_action( user_id=request.user.pk, content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk, object_id=object.pk, object_repr=str(object), action_flag=ADDITION, change_message=message, ) def log_change(self, request, object, message): """ Log that an object has been successfully changed. The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object. """ from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, CHANGE return LogEntry.objects.log_action( user_id=request.user.pk, content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk, object_id=object.pk, object_repr=str(object), action_flag=CHANGE, change_message=message, ) def log_deletion(self, request, object, object_repr): """ Log that an object will be deleted. Note that this method must be called before the deletion. The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object. """ from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, DELETION return LogEntry.objects.log_action( user_id=request.user.pk, content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk, object_id=object.pk, object_repr=object_repr, action_flag=DELETION, ) def action_checkbox(self, obj): """ A list_display column containing a checkbox widget. """ return helpers.checkbox.render(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, str(obj.pk)) action_checkbox.short_description = mark_safe('<input type="checkbox" id="action-toggle" />') def get_actions(self, request): """ Return a dictionary mapping the names of all actions for this ModelAdmin to a tuple of (callable, name, description) for each action. """ # If self.actions is explicitly set to None that means that we don't # want *any* actions enabled on this page. if self.actions is None or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET: return OrderedDict() actions = [] # Gather actions from the admin site first for (name, func) in self.admin_site.actions: description = getattr(func, 'short_description', name.replace('_', ' ')) actions.append((func, name, description)) # Then gather them from the model admin and all parent classes, # starting with self and working back up. for klass in self.__class__.mro()[::-1]: class_actions = getattr(klass, 'actions', []) # Avoid trying to iterate over None if not class_actions: continue actions.extend(self.get_action(action) for action in class_actions) # get_action might have returned None, so filter any of those out. actions = filter(None, actions) # Convert the actions into an OrderedDict keyed by name. actions = OrderedDict( (name, (func, name, desc)) for func, name, desc in actions ) return actions def get_action_choices(self, request, default_choices=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH): """ Return a list of choices for use in a form object. Each choice is a tuple (name, description). """ choices = [] + default_choices for func, name, description in self.get_actions(request).values(): choice = (name, description % model_format_dict(self.opts)) choices.append(choice) return choices def get_action(self, action): """ Return a given action from a parameter, which can either be a callable, or the name of a method on the ModelAdmin. Return is a tuple of (callable, name, description). """ # If the action is a callable, just use it. if callable(action): func = action action = action.__name__ # Next, look for a method. Grab it off self.__class__ to get an unbound # method instead of a bound one; this ensures that the calling # conventions are the same for functions and methods. elif hasattr(self.__class__, action): func = getattr(self.__class__, action) # Finally, look for a named method on the admin site else: try: func = self.admin_site.get_action(action) except KeyError: return None if hasattr(func, 'short_description'): description = func.short_description else: description = capfirst(action.replace('_', ' ')) return func, action, description def get_list_display(self, request): """ Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed on the changelist. """ return self.list_display def get_list_display_links(self, request, list_display): """ Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as links on the changelist. The list_display parameter is the list of fields returned by get_list_display(). """ if self.list_display_links or self.list_display_links is None or not list_display: return self.list_display_links else: # Use only the first item in list_display as link return list(list_display)[:1] def get_list_filter(self, request): """ Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as filters in the right sidebar of the changelist page. """ return self.list_filter def get_list_select_related(self, request): """ Return a list of fields to add to the select_related() part of the changelist items query. """ return self.list_select_related def get_search_fields(self, request): """ Return a sequence containing the fields to be searched whenever somebody submits a search query. """ return self.search_fields def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term): """ Return a tuple containing a queryset to implement the search and a boolean indicating if the results may contain duplicates. """ # Apply keyword searches. def construct_search(field_name): if field_name.startswith('^'): return "%s__istartswith" % field_name[1:] elif field_name.startswith('='): return "%s__iexact" % field_name[1:] elif field_name.startswith('@'): return "%s__search" % field_name[1:] else: return "%s__icontains" % field_name use_distinct = False search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request) if search_fields and search_term: orm_lookups = [construct_search(str(search_field)) for search_field in search_fields] for bit in search_term.split(): or_queries = [models.Q(**{orm_lookup: bit}) for orm_lookup in orm_lookups] queryset = queryset.filter(reduce(operator.or_, or_queries)) if not use_distinct: for search_spec in orm_lookups: if lookup_needs_distinct(self.opts, search_spec): use_distinct = True break return queryset, use_distinct def get_preserved_filters(self, request): """ Return the preserved filters querystring. """ match = request.resolver_match if self.preserve_filters and match: opts = self.model._meta current_url = '%s:%s' % (match.app_name, match.url_name) changelist_url = 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name) if current_url == changelist_url: preserved_filters = request.GET.urlencode() else: preserved_filters = request.GET.get('_changelist_filters') if preserved_filters: return urlencode({'_changelist_filters': preserved_filters}) return '' def construct_change_message(self, request, form, formsets, add=False): """ Construct a JSON structure describing changes from a changed object. """ return construct_change_message(form, formsets, add) def message_user(self, request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False): """ Send a message to the user. The default implementation posts a message using the django.contrib.messages backend. Exposes almost the same API as messages.add_message(), but accepts the positional arguments in a different order to maintain backwards compatibility. For convenience, it accepts the `level` argument as a string rather than the usual level number. """ if not isinstance(level, int): # attempt to get the level if passed a string try: level = getattr(messages.constants, level.upper()) except AttributeError: levels = messages.constants.DEFAULT_TAGS.values() levels_repr = ', '.join('`%s`' % l for l in levels) raise ValueError( 'Bad message level string: `%s`. Possible values are: %s' % (level, levels_repr) ) messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags, fail_silently=fail_silently) def save_form(self, request, form, change): """ Given a ModelForm return an unsaved instance. ``change`` is True if the object is being changed, and False if it's being added. """ return form.save(commit=False) def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change): """ Given a model instance save it to the database. """ obj.save() def delete_model(self, request, obj): """ Given a model instance delete it from the database. """ obj.delete() def save_formset(self, request, form, formset, change): """ Given an inline formset save it to the database. """ formset.save() def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change): """ Given the ``HttpRequest``, the parent ``ModelForm`` instance, the list of inline formsets and a boolean value based on whether the parent is being added or changed, save the related objects to the database. Note that at this point save_form() and save_model() have already been called. """ form.save_m2m() for formset in formsets: self.save_formset(request, form, formset, change=change) def render_change_form(self, request, context, add=False, change=False, form_url='', obj=None): opts = self.model._meta app_label = opts.app_label preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) form_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, form_url) view_on_site_url = self.get_view_on_site_url(obj) context.update({ 'add': add, 'change': change, 'has_add_permission': self.has_add_permission(request), 'has_change_permission': self.has_change_permission(request, obj), 'has_delete_permission': self.has_delete_permission(request, obj), 'has_file_field': True, # FIXME - this should check if form or formsets have a FileField, 'has_absolute_url': view_on_site_url is not None, 'absolute_url': view_on_site_url, 'form_url': form_url, 'opts': opts, 'content_type_id': get_content_type_for_model(self.model).pk, 'save_as': self.save_as, 'save_on_top': self.save_on_top, 'to_field_var': TO_FIELD_VAR, 'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR, 'app_label': app_label, }) if add and self.add_form_template is not None: form_template = self.add_form_template else: form_template = self.change_form_template request.current_app = self.admin_site.name return TemplateResponse(request, form_template or [ "admin/%s/%s/change_form.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name), "admin/%s/change_form.html" % app_label, "admin/change_form.html" ], context) def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None): """ Determine the HttpResponse for the add_view stage. """ opts = obj._meta preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) obj_url = reverse( 'admin:%s_%s_change' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), args=(quote(obj.pk),), current_app=self.admin_site.name, ) # Add a link to the object's change form if the user can edit the obj. if self.has_change_permission(request, obj): obj_repr = format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(obj_url), obj) else: obj_repr = str(obj) msg_dict = { 'name': opts.verbose_name, 'obj': obj_repr, } # Here, we distinguish between different save types by checking for # the presence of keys in request.POST. if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST: to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR) if to_field: attr = str(to_field) else: attr = obj._meta.pk.attname value = obj.serializable_value(attr) popup_response_data = json.dumps({ 'value': str(value), 'obj': str(obj), }) return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [ 'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), 'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label, 'admin/popup_response.html', ], { 'popup_response_data': popup_response_data, }) elif "_continue" in request.POST or ( # Redirecting after "Save as new". "_saveasnew" in request.POST and self.save_as_continue and self.has_change_permission(request, obj) ): msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) if post_url_continue is None: post_url_continue = obj_url post_url_continue = add_preserved_filters( {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url_continue ) return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url_continue) elif "_addanother" in request.POST: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may add another {name} below.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) redirect_url = request.path redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url) return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url) else: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) return self.response_post_save_add(request, obj) def response_change(self, request, obj): """ Determine the HttpResponse for the change_view stage. """ if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST: opts = obj._meta to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR) attr = str(to_field) if to_field else opts.pk.attname value = request.resolver_match.kwargs['object_id'] new_value = obj.serializable_value(attr) popup_response_data = json.dumps({ 'action': 'change', 'value': str(value), 'obj': str(obj), 'new_value': str(new_value), }) return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [ 'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), 'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label, 'admin/popup_response.html', ], { 'popup_response_data': popup_response_data, }) opts = self.model._meta preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) msg_dict = { 'name': opts.verbose_name, 'obj': format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(request.path), obj), } if "_continue" in request.POST: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully. You may edit it again below.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) redirect_url = request.path redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url) return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url) elif "_saveasnew" in request.POST: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), args=(obj.pk,), current_app=self.admin_site.name) redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url) return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url) elif "_addanother" in request.POST: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully. You may add another {name} below.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), current_app=self.admin_site.name) redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url) return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url) else: msg = format_html( _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully.'), **msg_dict ) self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) return self.response_post_save_change(request, obj) def response_post_save_add(self, request, obj): """ Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed when adding a new object. """ opts = self.model._meta if self.has_change_permission(request, None): post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), current_app=self.admin_site.name) preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url) else: post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name) return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url) def response_post_save_change(self, request, obj): """ Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed when editing an existing object. """ opts = self.model._meta if self.has_change_permission(request, None): post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), current_app=self.admin_site.name) preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url) else: post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name) return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url) def response_action(self, request, queryset): """ Handle an admin action. This is called if a request is POSTed to the changelist; it returns an HttpResponse if the action was handled, and None otherwise. """ # There can be multiple action forms on the page (at the top # and bottom of the change list, for example). Get the action # whose button was pushed. try: action_index = int(request.POST.get('index', 0)) except ValueError: action_index = 0 # Construct the action form. data = request.POST.copy() data.pop(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, None) data.pop("index", None) # Use the action whose button was pushed try: data.update({'action': data.getlist('action')[action_index]}) except IndexError: # If we didn't get an action from the chosen form that's invalid # POST data, so by deleting action it'll fail the validation check # below. So no need to do anything here pass action_form = self.action_form(data, auto_id=None) action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request) # If the form's valid we can handle the action. if action_form.is_valid(): action = action_form.cleaned_data['action'] select_across = action_form.cleaned_data['select_across'] func = self.get_actions(request)[action][0] # Get the list of selected PKs. If nothing's selected, we can't # perform an action on it, so bail. Except we want to perform # the action explicitly on all objects. selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME) if not selected and not select_across: # Reminder that something needs to be selected or nothing will happen msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform " "actions on them. No items have been changed.") self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING) return None if not select_across: # Perform the action only on the selected objects queryset = queryset.filter(pk__in=selected) response = func(self, request, queryset) # Actions may return an HttpResponse-like object, which will be # used as the response from the POST. If not, we'll be a good # little HTTP citizen and redirect back to the changelist page. if isinstance(response, HttpResponseBase): return response else: return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path()) else: msg = _("No action selected.") self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING) return None def response_delete(self, request, obj_display, obj_id): """ Determine the HttpResponse for the delete_view stage. """ opts = self.model._meta if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST: popup_response_data = json.dumps({ 'action': 'delete', 'value': str(obj_id), }) return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [ 'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), 'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label, 'admin/popup_response.html', ], { 'popup_response_data': popup_response_data, }) self.message_user( request, _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was deleted successfully.') % { 'name': opts.verbose_name, 'obj': obj_display, }, messages.SUCCESS, ) if self.has_change_permission(request, None): post_url = reverse( 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name), current_app=self.admin_site.name, ) preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request) post_url = add_preserved_filters( {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url ) else: post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name) return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url) def render_delete_form(self, request, context): opts = self.model._meta app_label = opts.app_label request.current_app = self.admin_site.name context.update( to_field_var=TO_FIELD_VAR, is_popup_var=IS_POPUP_VAR, media=self.media, ) return TemplateResponse( request, self.delete_confirmation_template or [ "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label, opts.model_name), "admin/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label), "admin/delete_confirmation.html", ], context, ) def get_inline_formsets(self, request, formsets, inline_instances, obj=None): inline_admin_formsets = [] for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets): fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request, obj)) readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request, obj)) prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj)) inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet( inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self, ) inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset) return inline_admin_formsets def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request): """ Get the initial form data from the request's GET params. """ initial = dict(request.GET.items()) for k in initial: try: f = self.model._meta.get_field(k) except FieldDoesNotExist: continue # We have to special-case M2Ms as a list of comma-separated PKs. if isinstance(f, models.ManyToManyField): initial[k] = initial[k].split(",") return initial def _get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(self, request, opts, object_id): """ Create a message informing the user that the object doesn't exist and return a redirect to the admin index page. """ msg = _("""%(name)s with ID "%(key)s" doesn't exist. Perhaps it was deleted?""") % { 'name': opts.verbose_name, 'key': unquote(object_id), } self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING) url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name) return HttpResponseRedirect(url) @csrf_protect_m def changeform_view(self, request, object_id=None, form_url='', extra_context=None): with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)): return self._changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context) def _changeform_view(self, request, object_id, form_url, extra_context): to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)) if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field): raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field) model = self.model opts = model._meta if request.method == 'POST' and '_saveasnew' in request.POST: object_id = None add = object_id is None if add: if not self.has_add_permission(request): raise PermissionDenied obj = None else: obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field) if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj): raise PermissionDenied if obj is None: return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, opts, object_id) ModelForm = self.get_form(request, obj) if request.method == 'POST': form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=obj) if form.is_valid(): form_validated = True new_object = self.save_form(request, form, change=not add) else: form_validated = False new_object = form.instance formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, new_object, change=not add) if all_valid(formsets) and form_validated: self.save_model(request, new_object, form, not add) self.save_related(request, form, formsets, not add) change_message = self.construct_change_message(request, form, formsets, add) if add: self.log_addition(request, new_object, change_message) return self.response_add(request, new_object) else: self.log_change(request, new_object, change_message) return self.response_change(request, new_object) else: form_validated = False else: if add: initial = self.get_changeform_initial_data(request) form = ModelForm(initial=initial) formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, form.instance, change=False) else: form = ModelForm(instance=obj) formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, obj, change=True) adminForm = helpers.AdminForm( form, list(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj)), self.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj), self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj), model_admin=self) media = self.media + adminForm.media inline_formsets = self.get_inline_formsets(request, formsets, inline_instances, obj) for inline_formset in inline_formsets: media = media + inline_formset.media context = dict( self.admin_site.each_context(request), title=(_('Add %s') if add else _('Change %s')) % opts.verbose_name, adminform=adminForm, object_id=object_id, original=obj, is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET), to_field=to_field, media=media, inline_admin_formsets=inline_formsets, errors=helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets), preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request), ) # Hide the "Save" and "Save and continue" buttons if "Save as New" was # previously chosen to prevent the interface from getting confusing. if request.method == 'POST' and not form_validated and "_saveasnew" in request.POST: context['show_save'] = False context['show_save_and_continue'] = False # Use the change template instead of the add template. add = False context.update(extra_context or {}) return self.render_change_form(request, context, add=add, change=not add, obj=obj, form_url=form_url) def autocomplete_view(self, request): return AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(model_admin=self)(request) def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None): return self.changeform_view(request, None, form_url, extra_context) def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None): return self.changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context) @csrf_protect_m def changelist_view(self, request, extra_context=None): """ The 'change list' admin view for this model. """ from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ERROR_FLAG opts = self.model._meta app_label = opts.app_label if not self.has_change_permission(request, None): raise PermissionDenied try: cl = self.get_changelist_instance(request) except IncorrectLookupParameters: # Wacky lookup parameters were given, so redirect to the main # changelist page, without parameters, and pass an 'invalid=1' # parameter via the query string. If wacky parameters were given # and the 'invalid=1' parameter was already in the query string, # something is screwed up with the database, so display an error # page. if ERROR_FLAG in request.GET: return SimpleTemplateResponse('admin/invalid_setup.html', { 'title': _('Database error'), }) return HttpResponseRedirect(request.path + '?' + ERROR_FLAG + '=1') # If the request was POSTed, this might be a bulk action or a bulk # edit. Try to look up an action or confirmation first, but if this # isn't an action the POST will fall through to the bulk edit check, # below. action_failed = False selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME) actions = self.get_actions(request) # Actions with no confirmation if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and 'index' in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST): if selected: response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request)) if response: return response else: action_failed = True else: msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform " "actions on them. No items have been changed.") self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING) action_failed = True # Actions with confirmation if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME in request.POST and 'index' not in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST): if selected: response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request)) if response: return response else: action_failed = True if action_failed: # Redirect back to the changelist page to avoid resubmitting the # form if the user refreshes the browser or uses the "No, take # me back" button on the action confirmation page. return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path()) # If we're allowing changelist editing, we need to construct a formset # for the changelist given all the fields to be edited. Then we'll # use the formset to validate/process POSTed data. formset = cl.formset = None # Handle POSTed bulk-edit data. if request.method == 'POST' and cl.list_editable and '_save' in request.POST: FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request) formset = cl.formset = FormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, queryset=self.get_queryset(request)) if formset.is_valid(): changecount = 0 for form in formset.forms: if form.has_changed(): obj = self.save_form(request, form, change=True) self.save_model(request, obj, form, change=True) self.save_related(request, form, formsets=[], change=True) change_msg = self.construct_change_message(request, form, None) self.log_change(request, obj, change_msg) changecount += 1 if changecount: msg = ngettext( "%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.", "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.", changecount ) % { 'count': changecount, 'name': model_ngettext(opts, changecount), } self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS) return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path()) # Handle GET -- construct a formset for display. elif cl.list_editable: FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request) formset = cl.formset = FormSet(queryset=cl.result_list) # Build the list of media to be used by the formset. if formset: media = self.media + formset.media else: media = self.media # Build the action form and populate it with available actions. if actions: action_form = self.action_form(auto_id=None) action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request) media += action_form.media else: action_form = None selection_note_all = ngettext( '%(total_count)s selected', 'All %(total_count)s selected', cl.result_count ) context = dict( self.admin_site.each_context(request), module_name=str(opts.verbose_name_plural), selection_note=_('0 of %(cnt)s selected') % {'cnt': len(cl.result_list)}, selection_note_all=selection_note_all % {'total_count': cl.result_count}, title=cl.title, is_popup=cl.is_popup, to_field=cl.to_field, cl=cl, media=media, has_add_permission=self.has_add_permission(request), opts=cl.opts, action_form=action_form, actions_on_top=self.actions_on_top, actions_on_bottom=self.actions_on_bottom, actions_selection_counter=self.actions_selection_counter, preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request), ) context.update(extra_context or {}) request.current_app = self.admin_site.name return TemplateResponse(request, self.change_list_template or [ 'admin/%s/%s/change_list.html' % (app_label, opts.model_name), 'admin/%s/change_list.html' % app_label, 'admin/change_list.html' ], context) @csrf_protect_m def delete_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None): with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)): return self._delete_view(request, object_id, extra_context) def _delete_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context): "The 'delete' admin view for this model." opts = self.model._meta app_label = opts.app_label to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)) if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field): raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field) obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field) if not self.has_delete_permission(request, obj): raise PermissionDenied if obj is None: return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, opts, object_id) using = router.db_for_write(self.model) # Populate deleted_objects, a data structure of all related objects that # will also be deleted. (deleted_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected) = get_deleted_objects( [obj], opts, request.user, self.admin_site, using) if request.POST and not protected: # The user has confirmed the deletion. if perms_needed: raise PermissionDenied obj_display = str(obj) attr = str(to_field) if to_field else opts.pk.attname obj_id = obj.serializable_value(attr) self.log_deletion(request, obj, obj_display) self.delete_model(request, obj) return self.response_delete(request, obj_display, obj_id) object_name = str(opts.verbose_name) if perms_needed or protected: title = _("Cannot delete %(name)s") % {"name": object_name} else: title = _("Are you sure?") context = dict( self.admin_site.each_context(request), title=title, object_name=object_name, object=obj, deleted_objects=deleted_objects, model_count=dict(model_count).items(), perms_lacking=perms_needed, protected=protected, opts=opts, app_label=app_label, preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request), is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET), to_field=to_field, ) context.update(extra_context or {}) return self.render_delete_form(request, context) def history_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None): "The 'history' admin view for this model." from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry # First check if the user can see this history. model = self.model obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id)) if obj is None: return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, model._meta, object_id) if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj): raise PermissionDenied # Then get the history for this object. opts = model._meta app_label = opts.app_label action_list = LogEntry.objects.filter( object_id=unquote(object_id), content_type=get_content_type_for_model(model) ).select_related().order_by('action_time') context = dict( self.admin_site.each_context(request), title=_('Change history: %s') % obj, action_list=action_list, module_name=str(capfirst(opts.verbose_name_plural)), object=obj, opts=opts, preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request), ) context.update(extra_context or {}) request.current_app = self.admin_site.name return TemplateResponse(request, self.object_history_template or [ "admin/%s/%s/object_history.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name), "admin/%s/object_history.html" % app_label, "admin/object_history.html" ], context) def _create_formsets(self, request, obj, change): "Helper function to generate formsets for add/change_view." formsets = [] inline_instances = [] prefixes = {} get_formsets_args = [request] if change: get_formsets_args.append(obj) for FormSet, inline in self.get_formsets_with_inlines(*get_formsets_args): prefix = FormSet.get_default_prefix() prefixes[prefix] = prefixes.get(prefix, 0) + 1 if prefixes[prefix] != 1 or not prefix: prefix = "%s-%s" % (prefix, prefixes[prefix]) formset_params = { 'instance': obj, 'prefix': prefix, 'queryset': inline.get_queryset(request), } if request.method == 'POST': formset_params.update({ 'data': request.POST.copy(), 'files': request.FILES, 'save_as_new': '_saveasnew' in request.POST }) formsets.append(FormSet(**formset_params)) inline_instances.append(inline) return formsets, inline_instances
这个类中的二级路由
def get_urls(self): from django.urls import path def wrap(view): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs) wrapper.model_admin = self return update_wrapper(wrapper, view) info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name urlpatterns = [ path('', wrap(self.changelist_view), name='%s_%s_changelist' % info), path('add/', wrap(self.add_view), name='%s_%s_add' % info), path('autocomplete/', wrap(self.autocomplete_view), name='%s_%s_autocomplete' % info), path('<path:object_id>/history/', wrap(self.history_view), name='%s_%s_history' % info), path('<path:object_id>/delete/', wrap(self.delete_view), name='%s_%s_delete' % info), path('<path:object_id>/change/', wrap(self.change_view), name='%s_%s_change' % info), # For backwards compatibility (was the change url before 1.9) path('<path:object_id>/', wrap(RedirectView.as_view( pattern_name='%s:%s_%s_change' % ((self.admin_site.name,) + info) ))), ] return urlpatterns @property def urls(self): return self.get_urls()
所以上述两个过程是较为重要的两个过程，一是发现每一个app中admin模块，并且注册model以及对应的类，其二是路由系统的构建。
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