Yes, you can use Vue in your razor pages, but I think you're approaching it in the wrong way. Remember that the .cshtml files are compiled in the backend side into html markup that is sent to the browser.
If you want to use razor views you will have to mount your VueJS code on the HTML that is generated and sent to the browser. See [his example I created on Codepen to illustrate this, I'm using Pug to mimic something that generates the HTML template and once it is generated I mount Vue JS on it. https://codepen.io/jaireina/pen/MNvvgd
Pug
#app
input(type="text", placeholder="type your name", v-model="name")
each val in [1,2,3]
p.name {{name}}
JS
var app = new Vue({
el: '#app',
data: {
name: ''
}
})
You won't be able to use Vue in the way you're trying, as a single page application and passing it the cshtml files as templates. If you really need to use razor views you can do something to what I mentioned before. But if you want to create a SPA, I would recommend creating an API with .NET and having your Vue app consuming that API.
I hope this helps.