MySQL 操作数据表记录
INSERT插入记录
INSERT [INTO] tb_name [(col_name),…] {VALUES| VALUE}
({expr | DEFAULT},…),(…),…
INSERT [INTO] tb_name SET col_name={expr |DEFAULT},…
INSERT [INTO] tb_name [(col_name)] SELECT …
此方法可以将查询结果插入到指定数据表。
UPDATE
单表更新
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]table_reference SET col_name1 = {expr1 |DEFAULT}
[, col_name2 = {expr2 | DEFAULT}] ……
[WHERE where_condition]
DELETE
单表删除
DELETE FROM tb_name [WHERE where_condition]
SELECT
查找记录
SELECT select_expr[,select_expr ….]
[
FROMtable_references
[WHERE where_condition ]
[GROUPBY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC],….]
[HAVINGwhere_condition]
[ORDERBY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC],…]
[LIMIT{[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
]
字段赋予别名
SELECT 字段名 AS 别名
使用where条件过滤
对查询结果分组
[GROUP BY{col_name | position} [ASC |DESC],...] ASC 默认的升序
[HAVING ] 分组条件,分组条件要么用聚合函数(COUNT()、AVG() 只有一个返回值),或者字段必须出现在 select的字段里。
对查询结果进行排序
[ORDER BY{col_name | expr |position} [ASC |DESC],…]
LIMIT
限制返回结果的数量
[LIMIT{[offset,]row_count |row_count OFFSEToffset}]
子查询
子查询(Subquery)是指出现在其他SQL语句内的SELECT子句。
子查询指嵌套在查询内部,且必须时钟出现在圆括号内。
子查询可以包含多个关键字或条件,
如DISTINCT /GROUP BY / ORDER BY / LIMIT 函数等。
子查询的外层查询可以是SELECT , INSERT,UPDATE,SET 或 DO。
子查询可以返回标量、一行、一列或子查询。
例如:
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE col1 = (SELECT col2FROM t2);
其中SELECT * FROM t1,称为 Quter Query / Outer Statement
SELECT col2 FROM t2,称为SubQuery
子查询分类
1. 使用比较运算符的子查询
使用比较运算符的子查询
= / > / < / >= / <= / <> / != / <=>
用ANY、SOME、ALL修饰的比较运算符
Operand comparison_operator ANY (subquery)
Operand comparison_operator SOME(subquery)
Operand comparison_operator ALL(subquery)
1. 使用 [NOT] IN 的子查询
Operand comparison_operator [NOT] IN (subquery)
=ANY 运算符与IN等效。
!= ALL 或 <> ALL 运算符与NOT IN 等效。
2. 使用[NOT] EXISTS的子查询
如果子查询返回任何行,EXISTS将返回TRUE; 否则为FALSE.
多表更新
UPDATE table_references
SET col_name1 = {expr1 | DEFAULT}
[,col_name2 = {expr2 |DEFAULT}]…
[WHERE where_condition]
CREATE… SELECT
创建数据表同时将查询结果写入到数据表
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name
[(create_definition,…)]
Select_statement
连接
使用ON关键字来设定连接的条件,也可以使用WHERE来代替。
通常使用ON关键字来设定连接条件,
使用WHERE关键字进行结果集记录的过滤。
内连接
显示左表及右表符合连接条件的记录
左外连接
显示左表的全部记录及右表符合连接条件的记录
自身连接
数据表连接自己。
例:
1.子查询是指在另一个查询语句中的SELECT子句。
例句:
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECTcolumn1 FROM t2);
其中,SELECT * FROM t1...称为Outer Query[外查询](或者Outer Statement),
SELECT column1 FROM t2 称为Sub Query[子查询]。
所以,我们说子查询是嵌套在外查询内部。而事实上它有可能在子查询内部再嵌套子查询。
子查询必须出现在圆括号之间。
行级子查询
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECTcol3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE ROW(col1,col2) =(SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
行级子查询的返回结果最多为一行。
优化子查询
-- 创建数据表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods(
goods_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
goods_name VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL,
goods_cate VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
goods_price DECIMAL(15,3) UNSIGNED NOT NULLDEFAULT 0,
is_show BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
is_saleoff BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
);
-- 写入记录
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('R510VC15.6英寸笔记本','笔记本','华硕','3399',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('Y400N14.0英寸笔记本电脑','笔记本','联想','4899',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('G150TH 15.6英寸游戏本','游戏本','雷神','8499',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本','笔记本','华硕','2799',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('X240(20ALA0EYCD) 12.5英寸超极本','超级本','联想','4999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('U330P13.3英寸超极本','超级本','联想','4299',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('SVP13226SCB 13.3英寸触控超极本','超级本','索尼','7999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('iPadmini MD531CH/A 7.9英寸平板电脑','平板电脑','苹果','1998',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('iPadAir MD788CH/A 9.7英寸平板电脑(16G WiFi版)','平板电脑','苹果','3388',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES(' iPadmini ME279CH/A 配备 Retina 显示屏 7.9英寸平板电脑(16G WiFi版)','平板电脑','苹果','2788',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('IdeaCentre C340 20英寸一体电脑 ','台式机','联想','3499',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('Vostro 3800-R1206 台式电脑','台式机','戴尔','2899',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('iMacME086CH/A 21.5英寸一体电脑','台式机','苹果','9188',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('AT7-7414LP 台式电脑(i5-3450四核 4G 500G 2G独显 DVD 键鼠 Linux )','台式机','宏碁','3699',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('Z220SFF F4F06PA工作站','服务器/工作站','惠普','4288',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff)VALUES('PowerEdge T110 II服务器','服务器/工作站','戴尔','5388',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('MacPro MD878CH/A 专业级台式电脑','服务器/工作站','苹果','28888',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('HMZ-T3W 头戴显示设备','笔记本配件','索尼','6999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('商务双肩背包','笔记本配件','索尼','99',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('X3250M4机架式服务器 2583i14','服务器/工作站','IBM','6888',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('玄龙精英版 笔记本散热器','笔记本配件','九州风神','',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('HMZ-T3W 头戴显示设备','笔记本配件','索尼','6999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('商务双肩背包','笔记本配件','索尼','99',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);
-- 求所有电脑产品的平均价格,并且保留两位小数,AVG,MAX,MIN、COUNT、SUM为聚合函数
SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) ASavg_price FROM tdb_goods;
-- 查询所有价格大于平均价格的商品,并且按价格降序排序
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROMtdb_goods WHERE goods_price > 5845.10 ORDER BY goods_price DESC;
-- 使用子查询来实现
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROMtdb_goods
WHERE goods_price > (SELECTROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods)
ORDER BY goods_price DESC;
-- 查询类型为“超记本”的商品价格
SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHEREgoods_cate = '超级本';
-- 查询价格大于或等于"超级本"价格的商品,并且按价格降序排列
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROMtdb_goods
WHERE goods_price = ANY(SELECT goods_priceFROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = '超级本')
ORDER BY goods_price DESC;
-- = ANY或 = SOME 等价于 IN
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROMtdb_goods
WHERE goods_price IN (SELECT goods_priceFROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = '超级本')
ORDER BY goods_price DESC;
-- 创建“商品分类”表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods_cates(
cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEYAUTO_INCREMENT,
cate_name VARCHAR(40)
);
-- 查询tdb_goods表的所有记录,并且按"类别"分组
SELECT goods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BYgoods_cate;
-- 将分组结果写入到tdb_goods_cates数据表
INSERT tdb_goods_cates (cate_name) SELECTgoods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_cate;
-- 通过tdb_goods_cates数据表来更新tdb_goods表
UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_catesON goods_cate = cate_name
SET goods_cate = cate_id ;
-- 通过CREATE...SELECT来创建数据表并且同时写入记录
-- SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BYbrand_name;
CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands (
brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEYAUTO_INCREMENT,
brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BYbrand_name;
-- 通过tdb_goods_brands数据表来更新tdb_goods数据表(错误)
UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands ON brand_name =brand_name
SET brand_name = brand_id;
-- Column 'brand_name' in field list isambigous
-- 正确
UPDATE tdb_goods AS g INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ON g.brand_name = b.brand_name
SET g.brand_name = b.brand_id;
-- 查看tdb_goods的数据表结构
DESC tdb_goods;
-- 通过ALTER TABLE语句修改数据表结构
ALTER TABLE tdb_goods
CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNEDNOT NULL,
CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNEDNOT NULL;
-- 分别在tdb_goods_cates和tdb_goods_brands表插入记录
INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES('路由器'),('交换机'),('网卡');
INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES('海尔'),('清华同方'),('神舟');
-- 在tdb_goods数据表写入任意记录
INSERTtdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES(' LaserJet ProP1606dn 黑白激光打印机','12','4','1849');
-- 查询所有商品的详细信息(通过内连接实现)
SELECTgoods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods AS g
INNER JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id= c.cate_id
INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ONg.brand_id = b.brand_idG;
-- 查询所有商品的详细信息(通过左外连接实现)
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_priceFROM tdb_goods AS g
LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id= c.cate_id
LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ONg.brand_id = b.brand_idG;
-- 查询所有商品的详细信息(通过右外连接实现)
SELECT goods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_priceFROM tdb_goods AS g
RIGHT JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id= c.cate_id
RIGHT JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ONg.brand_id = b.brand_idG;
-- 无限分类的数据表设计
CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_types(
type_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
type_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
parent_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULLDEFAULT 0
);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('家用电器',DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('电脑、办公',DEFAULT);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('大家电',1);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('生活电器',1);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('平板电视',3);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('空调',3);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('电风扇',4);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('饮水机',4);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('电脑整机',2);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('电脑配件',2);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('笔记本',9);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('超级本',9);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('游戏本',9);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('CPU',10);
INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id)VALUES('主机',10);
-- 查找所有分类及其父类
SELECTs.type_id,s.type_name,p.type_name
FROMtdb_goods_types AS s LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS p
ONs.parent_id = p.type_id;
-- 查找所有分类及其子类
SELECTp.type_id,p.type_name,s.type_name
FROMtdb_goods_types AS p LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS s
ONs.parent_id = p.type_id;
-- 查找所有分类及其子类的数目
SELECTp.type_id,p.type_name,count(s.type_name) AS children_count
FROMtdb_goods_types AS p LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS s
ONs.parent_id = p.type_id
GROUP BYp.type_name
ORDER BYp.type_id;
-- 为tdb_goods_types添加child_count字段
ALTERTABLE tdb_goods_types ADD child_count MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;
-- 将刚才查询到的子类数量更新到tdb_goods_types数据表
UPDATEtdb_goods_types AS t1 INNER JOIN
( SELECTp.type_id,p.type_name,count(s.type_name) AS children_count
FROMtdb_goods_types AS p
LEFTJOIN tdb_goods_types AS s ON s.parent_id = p.type_id
GROUP BYp.type_name
ORDER BYp.type_id ) AS t2
ON t1.type_id = t2.type_id
SETt1.child_count = t2.children_count;
-- 复制编号为12,20的两条记录
SELECT * FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_id IN(19,20);
--INSERT ... SELECT实现复制
INSERTtdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id)
SELECTgoods_name,cate_id,brand_id
FROMtdb_goods
WHEREgoods_id IN (19,20);
-- 查找重复记录
SELECTgoods_id,goods_name
FROMtdb_goods
GROUP BYgoods_name
HAVINGcount(goods_name) >= 2;
-- 删除重复记录
DELETEt1 FROM tdb_goods AS t1
LEFTJOIN (SELECT goods_id,goods_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_name
HAVINGcount(goods_name) >= 2 ) AS t2
ONt1.goods_name = t2.goods_name
WHEREt1.goods_id > t2.goods_id;