python 字典类型和集合类型_【python基础】8-序列、集合以及字典数据类型

我们在前面章节已经看到过字符串、区间、列表等序列类型。元组是另外一中序列类型。这一章我们学习更多关于字符串、元组、字典和集合的操作。

字符串

我们之前看到在列表中使用的索引也可以应用于字符串

因为字符串不可变长，它们不能像列表一样修改

>>> book = "Alchemist"

>>> book[0]

'A'

>>> book[3]

'h'

>>> book[-1]

't'

>>> book[10]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: string index out of range

>>> book[2:6]

'chem'

>>> book[:5]

'Alche'

>>> book[5:]

'mist'

>>> book[::-1]

'tsimehclA'

>>> book[:]

'Alchemist'

>>> list(book)

['A', 'l', 'c', 'h', 'e', 'm', 'i', 's', 't']

>>> import string

>>> string.ascii_lowercase[:10]

'abcdefghij'

>>> list(string.digits)

['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']

字符串循环操作

>>> book

'Alchemist'

>>> for char in book:

... print(char)

...

A

l

c

h

e

m

i

s

t

其他操作

>>> book

'Alchemist'

>>> len(book)

9

>>> book.index('A')

0

>>> book.index('t')

8

>>> 'A' in book

True

>>> 'B' in book

False

>>> 'z' not in book

True

>>> min('zealous')

'a'

>>> max('zealous')

'z'

元组

元素跟列表相似，但是不可变长，在其他场景中很有用

单一的元素可变长/不变长

>>> north_dishes = ('Aloo tikki', 'Baati', 'Khichdi', 'Makki roti', 'Poha')

>>> north_dishes

('Aloo tikki', 'Baati', 'Khichdi', 'Makki roti', 'Poha')

>>> north_dishes[0]

'Aloo tikki'

>>> north_dishes[-1]

'Poha'

>>> north_dishes[6]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: tuple index out of range

>>> north_dishes[::-1]

('Poha', 'Makki roti', 'Khichdi', 'Baati', 'Aloo tikki')

>>> north_dishes[0] = 'Poori'

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

示例操作

>>> 'roti' in north_dishes

False

>>> 'Makki roti' in north_dishes

True

>>> len(north_dishes)

5

>>> min(north_dishes)

'Aloo tikki'

>>> max(north_dishes)

'Poha'

>>> for dish in north_dishes:

... print(dish)

...

Aloo tikki

Baati

Khichdi

Makki roti

Poha

元组用于处理多个变量分配(赋值)和在函数中返回多个值

在使用enumerate用于迭代列表时我们已经看过例子了

>>> a = 5

>>> b = 20

>>> a, b = b, a

>>> a

20

>>> b

5

>>> c = 'foo'

>>> a, b, c = c, a, b

>>> a

'foo'

>>> b

20

>>> c

5

>>> def min_max(arr):

... return min(arr), max(arr)

...

>>> min_max([23, 53, 1, -34, 9])

(-34, 53)

并不总需要使用()

>>> words = 'day', 'night'

>>> words

('day', 'night')

>>> coordinates = ((1,2), (4,3), (92,3))

>>> coordinates

((1, 2), (4, 3), (92, 3))

>>> prime = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

>>> prime_tuple = tuple((idx + 1, num) for idx, num in enumerate(prime))

>>> prime_tuple

((1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7), (5, 11))

将其他类型转换为元组

与list()相似

>>> tuple('books')

('b', 'o', 'o', 'k', 's')

>>> a = [321, 899.232, 5.3, 2, 1, -1]

>>> tuple(a)

(321, 899.232, 5.3, 2, 1, -1)

数据类型可用多种方式混合和匹配

>>> a = [(1,2), ['a', 'b'], ('good', 'bad')]

>>> a

[(1, 2), ['a', 'b'], ('good', 'bad')]

>>> b = ((1,2), ['a', 'b'], ('good', 'bad'))

>>> b

((1, 2), ['a', 'b'], ('good', 'bad'))

集合

集合是无序的对象集

可变数据类型

通常用于保持唯一的序列、执行集合操作(像交、并、差等等)

>>> nums = {3, 2, 5, 7, 1, 6.3}

>>> nums

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7}

>>> primes = {3, 2, 11, 3, 5, 13, 2}

>>> primes

{2, 3, 11, 13, 5}

>>> nums.union(primes)

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7, 11, 13}

>>> primes.difference(nums)

{11, 13}

>>> nums.difference(primes)

{1, 6.3, 7}

示例操作

>>> len(nums)

6

>>> nums[0]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: 'set' object does not support indexing

>>> book

'Alchemist'

>>> set(book)

{'i', 'l', 's', 'A', 'e', 'h', 'm', 't', 'c'}

>>> set([1, 5, 3, 1, 9])

{1, 9, 3, 5}

>>> list(set([1, 5, 3, 1, 9]))

[1, 9, 3, 5]

>>> nums = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7}

>>> nums

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7}

>>> nums.pop()

1

>>> nums

{2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7}

>>> nums.add(1)

>>> nums

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6.3, 7}

>>> 6.3 in nums

True

>>> for n in nums:

... print(n)

...

1

2

3

5

6.3

7

字典

字典类型被看作无序的键值对或有名字的元素列表

>>> marks = {'Rahul' : 86, 'Ravi' : 92, 'Rohit' : 75}

>>> marks

{'Ravi': 92, 'Rohit': 75, 'Rahul': 86}

>>> fav_books = {}

>>> fav_books['fantasy'] = 'Harry Potter'

>>> fav_books['detective'] = 'Sherlock Holmes'

>>> fav_books['thriller'] = 'The Da Vinci Code'

>>> fav_books

{'thriller': 'The Da Vinci Code', 'fantasy': 'Harry Potter', 'detective': 'Sherlock Holmes'}

>>> marks.keys()

dict_keys(['Ravi', 'Rohit', 'Rahul'])

>>> fav_books.values()

dict_values(['The Da Vinci Code', 'Harry Potter', 'Sherlock Holmes'])

循环和打印

>>> for book in fav_books.values():

... print(book)

...

The Da Vinci Code

Harry Potter

Sherlock Holmes

>>> for name, mark in marks.items():

... print(name, mark, sep=': ')

...

Ravi: 92

Rohit: 75

Rahul: 86

>>> import pprint

>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)

>>> pp.pprint(fav_books)

{ 'detective': 'Sherlock Holmes',

'fantasy': 'Harry Potter',

'thriller': 'The Da Vinci Code'}

修改字典和示例操作

>>> marks

{'Ravi': 92, 'Rohit': 75, 'Rahul': 86}

>>> marks['Rajan'] = 79

>>> marks

{'Ravi': 92, 'Rohit': 75, 'Rahul': 86, 'Rajan': 79}

>>> del marks['Ravi']

>>> marks

{'Rohit': 75, 'Rahul': 86, 'Rajan': 79}

>>> len(marks)

3

>>> fav_books

{'thriller': 'The Da Vinci Code', 'fantasy': 'Harry Potter', 'detective': 'Sherlock Holmes'}

>>> "fantasy" in fav_books

True

>>> "satire" in fav_books

False

字典由列表组成并使用随机模块

任何对单个列表的改变会反映在字典中

keys()方法的输出必须改变为像list或者tuple这样的序列类型传入random.choice

>>> north = ['aloo tikki', 'baati', 'khichdi', 'makki roti', 'poha']

>>> south = ['appam', 'bisibele bath', 'dosa', 'koottu', 'sevai']

>>> west = ['dhokla', 'khakhra', 'modak', 'shiro', 'vada pav']

>>> east = ['hando guri', 'litti', 'momo', 'rosgulla', 'shondesh']

>>> dishes = {'North': north, 'South': south, 'West': west, 'East': east}

>>> rand_zone = random.choice(tuple(dishes.keys()))

>>> rand_dish = random.choice(dishes[rand_zone])

>>> print("Try the '{}' speciality '{}' today".format(rand_zone, rand_dish))

Try the 'East' speciality 'rosgulla' today

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