计算机集成制造英文论文,外文翻译--计算机集成制造的定义.doc

附录英文原文IntroductiontoComputerIntegratedManufacturingCIMdefinedComputerintegratedmanufacturing(CIM)isthetermusedtodescribethemodemapproachtomanufacturing.AlthoughCIMencompassesmanyoftheotheradvancedmanufacturingtechnologiessuchasCNC；CAD/CAM,robotics,andjust-in-time(JIT)deliuery,itismoreth~anewtech.nolomlor.a~c~ncept.~puterintegrated:manufacturingisanentirelynewapproachtomanufacturing,anewwayofdoingbusiness.TounderstandCIM,itisnecessarytobeginwithacomparisonofmodernandtraditionalmanufacturing.Modemmanufacturingencompassesalloftheactivitiesandprocessesnecessarytoconvertrawmaterialsintofinishedproducts,deliverthemtothemarket,andsupporttheminthefield.Theseactivitiesincludethefollowing:1.Identifyinganeedforaproduct.2.Designingaproducttomeettheneeds.3.Obtainingtherawmaterialsneededtoproducetheproduct.4.Applyingappropriateprocessestotransformtherawmaterialsintofinishedproducts,5.Transportingproductstothemarket.6.Maintainingtheproducttoensureproperperformanceinthefield.Thisbroad,modernviewofmanufacturingcanbecomparedwiththemorelimitedtraditionalviewthatfocusedalmostentirelyontheconversionprocesses.Theoldapproachexcludedsuchcriticalpreconversionelements'asmarketanalysisreseach,development,anddesign,aswellassuchafter-conversionelementsasproductdeliveryandproductmaintenance.Inotherwords,intheoldapproachtomanufacturing,onlythoseprocessesthattookplaceontheshopfloorwereconsideredmanufacturing.Thistraditionalapproachofseparatingtheoverallconceptintonumerousstand-alonespecializedelementswasnotfundamentallychangedwiththeadventofautomation.WithCIM,notonlyarethevariouselementsautomated,buttheislandsofautomationarealllinkedtogetherorintegrated.Integrationmeansthatasystemcanprovidecompleteandinstantaneoussharingofinformation.Inmodernmanufacturing,integrationisaccomplishedbycomputers.CIM,then,isthetotalintegrationofallcomponentsinvolvedinconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedproductsandgettingtheproductstothemarket.HistoricalDevelopmentofCIMThetermcomputerintegratedmanufacturingwasdevelopedinI974byJosephHarringtonasthetitleofabookhewroteabouttyingislandsofautomationtogetherthroughtheuseofcomputers.IthastakenmanyyearsforCIMtodevelopasaconcept,butintegratedmanufacturingisnotreallynew.Infact,integrationiswheremanufacturingactuallybegan.Manufacturinghasevolvedthroughfourdistictstages:Manualmanufacturing.Mechanization/SpecializationAutomation.Integration.ManualManufacturingManualmanufacturingusingsimplehandtoolswasactuallyintegratedmanufacturing.Allinformationneededtodesign,produce,anddeliveraproductwasreadilyavailablebecauseitresidedinthemindoftheonepersonwhoperformedallofthenecessarytasks,Thetoolofintegrationintheearliestyearsof,manufacturingwasthehumanmindofthecraftsmanwhodesigned,produced,anddeliveredtheproduct,Anexampleofintegratedmanualmanufacturingisthevillageblacksmithproducingaspecialtoolforalocalfarmer.Theblacksmithwouldhaveinhismindalloftheinformationneededtodesign,produce,anddeliverthefarmer'stools.Inthisexample,allelementsofmanufacturingareintegrated.Mechanization/SpecializationWiththeadventoftheindustrialrevolution,manufacturingprocessesbecamebothspecializedandmechanized.Insteadofonepersondesigning,producing,anddeliveringaproduct,workersand/ormachinesperformedspecializedtaskswithineachofthesebroadareas.Commtmicationamongtheseseparateentitieswasachievedusingdrawings,specifications,joborders,processplans,andavarietyofothercommunicationaids.Toensurethatthefinishedproductmatchedtheplannedproduct,theconceptofualitycontrolwasintroducedThepositivesideofthemechanization/specializationstagewasthatitpermittedmassproduction,interchange,abilityofparts,differentlevelsofaccuracy,anduniformity.Thedisadvantageisthatthelackofintegrationledtoagreatdealofwaste.AutomationAutomationimprovedtheperformanceandenhancedthecapabilitiesofbothpeopleandmachineswithinspecializedmanufacturingcomponents.Forexample,CADenhancedthecapabilityofdesignersanddrafters.CNCenhancedthecapabilitiesofmachinistsandcomputer-assistedplanners.Buttheimprovementsbroughtonbyautomationwereisolatedwithinindividualcomponentsorislands.Becauseofthis,automationdidnotalwaysliveuptoitspotential.Tounderstandthelimitationsofautomationwithregardtooverallproductivityimpro-vement,considerthefollowinganalogy.Supposethatvarioussubsystemsofanautomobile(i.e.,theengine,steering,brakes)wereautomatedtomakethedriver'sjobeasier.Automaticacceleration,deceleration,steering,andbrakingwouldcertainlybemoreefficientthanthemanualversions.However,considerwhatwouldhappenifthesevariousautomatedsubsystemswerenottiedtogetherinawaythatallowedthemtocommunicateandshareaccurateup-to-dateinformationinstantlyandcontinually.Onesystemmightbeattemptingtoacceleratetheautomobilewhileanothersystemwasattemptingtoapplythebrakes.Thesamelimitationsapplyinanautomatedmanufacturingsetting.Theselimitationsarewhatledtothecurrentstageinthedevelopmentofmanufacturing,integration.Integration.Withtheadventofthecomputerage,manufacturinghasdevelopedfullcircle.Itbeganasatotallyintegratedconceptand,withCIM,hasonceagainbecomeone.However,therearemajordifferencesinthemanufacturingintegrationoftodayandthatofDesignhasevolvedfromamanualprocessusingsuchtoolsassliderulesofmanufacturingarelinkedtogetherthroughthemanualeraofthepast.First,theinstrumentofintegrationinthemanualerawasthehumanmind.Theinstrumentofintegrationinmodernmanufacturingisthecomputer.Second,processesinthemodernmanufacturingsettingarestillspecializedandautomated.AnotherwaytoviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofClMisbyexaminingthewaysinwhichsomeoftheindividualcomponentsofCIMhavedevelopedovertheyears.Suchcomponentsasdesign,planning,andproductionhaveevolvedbothasprocessesandinthetoolsandequipmentusedtoaccomplishtheprocesses.pencils,scales,anderasersintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aideddesign(CAD).Processplanninghasevolvedfromamanualprocessusingplanningtables,diagrams,andchartsintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aidedprocessplanning(CAPP).Productionhasevolvedfromamanualprocessinvolvingmanuallycontrolledmachinesintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).Theseindividualcomponentsofmanufacturingevolvedovertheyearsintoseparateislandsofautomation.However,communicationamongtheseislandswasstillhandledmanually.Thislimitedthelevelofimprovementinproductivitythatcouldbeaccomplishedintheoverallmanufacturingprocess.Whentheseislandsandotherautomatedcomponentscomputernetworks,theselimitationscanbeovercome.

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