64位Linux内核空间4G,Linux内核地址空间的布局及实现代码

Linux内核地址空间的布局

1) Linux将整个4G线性地址空间分为用户空间和内核空间两部分,而内核地址空间又被划分为"物理内存区", "虚拟内存分配区", "高端页面映射区",

"专用页面映射区", "系统保留映射区"几个区域.

2) 在支持扩展页长(PSE)和全局页面(PGE)的机器上, 物理区使用4M页面并作为全局页面来处理.

当系统物理内存大于896M时, 超过物理区的那部分内存称为高端内存,

低端内存和高端内存用highmem_start_page变量来定界,

内核在存取高端内存时必须将它们映射到"高端页面映射区".

3) Linux保留内核空间最顶部128K区域作为保留区,

紧接保留区以下的一段区域为专用页面映射区,

它的总尺寸和每一页的用途由fixed_address枚举结构在编绎时预定义,

用__fix_to_virt(index)可获取专用区内预定义页面的逻辑地址.

在专用页面区内为每个CPU预定义了一张高端内存映射页, 用于在中断处理中高端页面的映射操作.

4) 距离内核空间顶部32M, 长度为4M的一段区域为高端内存映射区,

它正好占用1个页帧表所表示的物理内存总量, 它可以缓冲1024个高端页面的映射.

在物理区和高端映射区之间为虚存内存分配区, 用于vmalloc()函数,

它的前部与物理区有8M隔离带, 后部与高端映射区有8K的隔离带.

5) 当系统物理内存超过4G时,

必须使用CPU的扩展分页(PAE)模式所提供的64位页目录项才能存取到4G以上的物理内存.

在PAE模式下, 线性地址到物理地址的转换使用3级页表, 第1级页目录由线性地址的最高2位索引,

每一目录项对应1G的寻址空间, 第2级页目录项以9位索引, 每一目录项对应2M的寻址空间,

第3级页目录项以9位索引, 每一目录项对应4K的页帧.

除了页目录项所描述的物理地址扩展为36位外, 64位和32位页目录项结构没有什么区别.

在PAE模式下, 包含PSE位的中级页目录项所对应的页面从4M减少为2M.

/* Just any arbitrary offset to the start of the vmalloc VM area: the * current 8MB value just means that there will be a 8MB "hole" after the * physical memory until the kernel virtual memory starts. That means that * any out-of-bounds memory accesses will hopefully be caught. * The vmalloc() routines leaves a hole of 4kB between each vmalloced * area for the same reason. ;) */#define VMALLOC_OFFSET(8*1024*1024) 虚拟区与物理区的隔离宽度#define VMALLOC_START(((unsigned long) high_memory + 2*VMALLOC_OFFSET-1) & /~(VMALLOC_OFFSET-1)) 虚拟区的开始#define VMALLOC_VMADDR(x) ((unsigned long)(x))#if CONFIG_HIGHMEM# define VMALLOC_END(PKMAP_BASE-2*PAGE_SIZE)#else# define VMALLOC_END(FIXADDR_START-2*PAGE_SIZE)#endif#define PKMAP_BASE (0xfe000000UL) 高端映射区的开始#define FIXADDR_TOP(0xffffe000UL) 专用映射区的顶部#define FIXADDR_SIZE(__end_of_fixed_addresses << PAGE_SHIFT) 专用映射区尺寸#define FIXADDR_START(FIXADDR_TOP - FIXADDR_SIZE) 专用映射区开始#define __fix_to_virt(x)(FIXADDR_TOP - ((x) << PAGE_SHIFT)) 取专用映射区页面/* * on UP currently we will have no trace of the fixmap mechanizm, * no page table allocations, etc. This might change in the * future, say framebuffers for the console driver(s) could be * fix-mapped? */enum fixed_addresses { 专用区页面的功能定义#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APICFIX_APIC_BASE,/* local (CPU) APIC) -- required for SMP or not */#endif#ifdef CONFIG_X86_IO_APICFIX_IO_APIC_BASE_0,FIX_IO_APIC_BASE_END = FIX_IO_APIC_BASE_0 + MAX_IO_APICS-1,#endif#ifdef CONFIG_X86_VISWS_APICFIX_CO_CPU,/* Cobalt timer */FIX_CO_APIC,/* Cobalt APIC Redirection Table */ FIX_LI_PCIA,/* Lithium PCI Bridge A */FIX_LI_PCIB,/* Lithium PCI Bridge B */#endif#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM 用于中断处理内映射高端页面FIX_KMAP_BEGIN,/* reserved pte's for temporary kernel mappings */FIX_KMAP_END = FIX_KMAP_BEGIN+(KM_TYPE_NR*NR_CPUS)-1,#endif__end_of_fixed_addresses};enum km_type {KM_BOUNCE_READ,KM_BOUNCE_WRITE,KM_TYPE_NR};; arch/i386/mm/init.c:static void __init pagetable_init (void) 建立内核空间的页表{unsigned long vaddr, end;pgd_t *pgd, *pgd_base;int i, j, k;pmd_t *pmd;pte_t *pte, *pte_base;/* * This can be zero as well - no problem, in that case we exit * the loops anyway due to the PTRS_PER_* conditions. */end = (unsigned long)__va(max_low_pfn*PAGE_SIZE); 取内核物理内存区域终止边界物理地址pgd_base = swapper_pg_dir; 取内核基准页目录表地址#if CONFIG_X86_PAE 在PAE模式下, 首级页表只包含4个64位目录项for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PGD; i++) { pgd = pgd_base + i;__pgd_clear(pgd);}#endifi = __pgd_offset(PAGE_OFFSET); 取内核空间起始边界在首级页表内的地址偏移pgd = pgd_base + i; for (; i < PTRS_PER_PGD; pgd++, i++) { 扫描内核空间的页目录项vaddr = i*PGDIR_SIZE; 取该目录项所对应物理区域的起始地址if (end && (vaddr >= end)) 如果该映射区域起始边界大于或等于内核物理内存的终止边界break; 退出扫描#if CONFIG_X86_PAEpmd = (pmd_t *) alloc_bootmem_low_pages(PAGE_SIZE); 分配中级页表set_pgd(pgd, __pgd(__pa(pmd) + 0x1)); 将中级页表登记到首级页表#elsepmd = (pmd_t *)pgd; #endifif (pmd != pmd_offset(pgd, 0))BUG();for (j = 0; j < PTRS_PER_PMD; pmd++, j++) {扫描中级页目录项,对于二级页表来说,循环一次vaddr = i*PGDIR_SIZE + j*PMD_SIZE; 取该目录项映射区域的起始地址if (end && (vaddr >= end))break;if (cpu_has_pse) { 如果CPU具有扩展页长功能unsigned long __pe;set_in_cr4(X86_CR4_PSE);boot_cpu_data.wp_works_ok = 1; __pe = _KERNPG_TABLE + _PAGE_PSE + _PAGE_USER + __pa(vaddr); 使用扩展页长目录项/* Make it "global" too if supported */if (cpu_has_pge) {set_in_cr4(X86_CR4_PGE);__pe += _PAGE_GLOBAL; 设置全局页目录项标志}set_pmd(pmd, __pmd(__pe)); 设置中级页表continue; 继续下一中级页目录项}; 不使用扩展页长pte_base = pte = (pte_t *) alloc_bootmem_low_pages(PAGE_SIZE); 分配页帧表for (k = 0; k < PTRS_PER_PTE; pte++, k++) { 扫描页帧目录项vaddr = i*PGDIR_SIZE + j*PMD_SIZE + k*PAGE_SIZE; 取页帧目录项所映射页面的起始地址if (end && (vaddr >= end))break;*pte = mk_pte_phys(__pa(vaddr), PAGE_KERNEL); 设置页帧表}set_pmd(pmd, __pmd(_KERNPG_TABLE + __pa(pte_base))); 设置中级页表if (pte_base != pte_offset(pmd, 0))BUG();}}/* * Fixed mappings, only the page table structure has to be * created - mappings will be set by set_fixmap(): */vaddr = __fix_to_virt(__end_of_fixed_addresses - 1) & PMD_MASK;取专用区起始地址所在的中级页目录边界地址fixrange_init(vaddr, 0, pgd_base); 建立专用区页表#if CONFIG_HIGHMEM/* * Permanent kmaps: */vaddr = PKMAP_BASE; fixrange_init(vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE*LAST_PKMAP, pgd_base); 建立高端映射区页表pgd = swapper_pg_dir + __pgd_offset(vaddr);pmd = pmd_offset(pgd, vaddr);pte = pte_offset(pmd, vaddr);pkmap_page_table = pte; 设置高端映射区所在的页帧目录#endif#if CONFIG_X86_PAE/* * Add low memory identity-mappings - SMP needs it when * starting up on an AP from real-mode. In the non-PAE * case we already have these mappings through head.S. * All user-space mappings are explicitly cleared after * SMP startup. */pgd_base[0] = pgd_base[USER_PTRS_PER_PGD];#endif}static void __init fixrange_init (unsigned long start, unsigned long end, pgd_t*pgd_base){pgd_t *pgd;pmd_t *pmd;pte_t *pte;int i, j;unsigned long vaddr;vaddr = start;i = __pgd_offset(vaddr);j = __pmd_offset(vaddr);pgd = pgd_base + i;for ( ; (i < PTRS_PER_PGD) && (vaddr != end); pgd++, i++) {#if CONFIG_X86_PAEif (pgd_none(*pgd)) {pmd = (pmd_t *) alloc_bootmem_low_pages(PAGE_SIZE);set_pgd(pgd, __pgd(__pa(pmd) + 0x1));if (pmd != pmd_offset(pgd, 0))printk("PAE BUG #02!/n");}pmd = pmd_offset(pgd, vaddr);#elsepmd = (pmd_t *)pgd;#endiffor (; (j < PTRS_PER_PMD) && (vaddr != end); pmd++, j++) {if (pmd_none(*pmd)) {pte = (pte_t *) alloc_bootmem_low_pages(PAGE_SIZE);set_pmd(pmd, __pmd(_KERNPG_TABLE + __pa(pte)));if (pte != pte_offset(pmd, 0))BUG();}vaddr += PMD_SIZE;}j = 0;}}