java并发简书_Java并发实践

Java Concurrency

在多线程环境下,为了保证共享数据的原子和内存可见性,需要进行锁操作。在JAVA中提供了内置锁和显示锁。本文使用用例结合,来介绍以下锁的用法:

内置锁(synchronized)

内置锁用来锁定代码块,在进入代码的时候获取锁定,在退出(或者异常退出)释放锁定。内置锁是互斥的,意味中同一时刻只能有一个线程获取该锁,其它线程只能等待或者阻塞直到锁的释放。如下面代码中,假如线程1执行addOne操作,当线程2调用getOne时,就需要等待线程1执行完成并释放锁。

public class ProductPool {

private Integer product = new Integer(0);

public synchronized Integer getProduct() {

return product;

}

public synchronized void addOne() {

this.product = this.product + 1;

LOG.info("produce value: {}", this.product);

}

public synchronized Integer getOne() {

Integer old = new Integer(this.product);

this.product = this.product - 1;

return old;

}

}

内置锁是可以重入的。当线程A获取锁执行某操作,如果在当前线程A内,某个步骤也需要获取该锁,该步骤是可以获取到锁的。如下例子,当ChildClass的对象执行doPrint时已经获取到了锁,内部继续调用super.doPrint,如果不能重入就会发生死锁。在同一线程内,锁可以重入。

public class SynchronizedDeakLock {

private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SynchronizedLock.class);

public class BaseClass {

public synchronized void doPrint() {

LOG.info("base class print");

}

}

public class ChildClass extends BaseClass {

@Override

public synchronized void doPrint() {

LOG.info("child class do print");

super.doPrint();

}

}

@Test

public void testDeadLock() {

ChildClass childClass = new ChildClass();

childClass.doPrint();

}

}

内置锁使用非常简单,在需要同步的方法、代码块上加入synchronized就行了,不需要显示的获取和释放锁。且内置锁是JVM内置的,它可以执行部分优化,比如在线程封闭锁对象(该对象使用了锁,但是却不是共享对象,只在某一个线程使用)的锁消除,改变锁的粒度来消除内置锁的同步等。

在某些情况下,我们希望获取锁但又不想一直等待,所以我们指定获取到锁的最大时间,如果获取不到就超时。内置锁对这种细粒度的控制是不支持的,JAVA提供了一种新的锁机制:显示锁。下章,我们就对该话题进行讨论。

ReentrantLock

ReentrantLock是JAVA 5提供的细粒度的锁,作为内置锁在某些场景的补充。比如:支持线程获取锁的时间设置,支持获取锁线程对interrupt事件响应。但是在使用时必须显示的获取锁,然后在finally中释放。如果不释放,相当于在程序中放置了个定时炸弹,后期很难发现。它实现了Lock的以下API(部分例子为了达到测试效果没有unlock, 实际使用中绝对不能这样):

1 . void lock() 获取锁,一致等待直到获取。下面的例子中,在主线程中获取锁且不释放, 子线程调用lock方法来获取锁。可以看到,子线程一致处于RUNNABLE状态,即使它被interrupt。

@Test

public void testLockWithInterrupt() throws InterruptedException {

final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

lock.lock();

Thread childThread = new Thread(() -> {

lock.lock();

}, "t1 thread");

childThread.start();

childThread.interrupt();

LOG.info("the child thread state: {}", childThread.getState().name());

assertFalse(childThread.isInterrupted());

}

2 . void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException; 获取锁直到线程被interrupt, 线程抛出InterruptedException。下面的例子中,主线程获取锁且不释放,子线程调用lockInterruptibly方法来获取锁。首先在子线程获取不到锁的时候,会处于一直等待状态;当主线程中调用子线程interrupt时,子线程会抛出InterruptedException。

@Test(expected = InterruptedException.class)

public void testLockInterruptibly() throws Exception {

final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

lock.lock();

Thread.sleep(1000);

Thread mainThread = Thread.currentThread();

Thread t1=new Thread(new Runnable(){

@Override

public void run() {

try {

lock.lockInterruptibly();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

LOG.error(" thread interrupted: {}", e);

mainThread.interrupt();

}

}

}, "t1 thread");

t1.start();

Thread.sleep(1000);

t1.interrupt();

Thread.sleep(1000000);

}

3 . boolean tryLock() 获取锁,如果获取不到则立即返回false。

@Test

public void testTryLock() throws InterruptedException {

CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);

ReentrantLock reentrantLock = new ReentrantLock();

Runnable runnable = () -> {

reentrantLock.lock();

try {

Thread.sleep(2 * 1000l);

countDownLatch.countDown();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} finally {

reentrantLock.unlock();

}

};

Runnable interruptRunnable = () -> {

boolean result = reentrantLock.tryLock();

if (result) {

LOG.info("lock success");

reentrantLock.unlock();

} else {

LOG.info("lock failed");

}

};

new Thread(runnable).start();

new Thread(interruptRunnable).start();

countDownLatch.await();

}

4 . boolean tryLock(long time, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException 在指定的时间内获取锁,且返回结果。

@Test

public void testTryLockWithTime() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {

final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

lock.lock();

CompletableFuture completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> tryLock(lock));

assertFalse(completableFuture.get().booleanValue());

}

private boolean tryLock(Lock lock) {

try {

boolean result = lock.tryLock(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

LOG.info("lock result: {}", result);

return result;

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

LOG.error("interrupted: {}", e);

}

return false;

}

Semaphore

信号量常常用来控制对某一资源的访问数量。例如,下面的测试中我们设置信号量的permits为5,当其中5个现在获取且没释放,其它访问线程是获取不到permit的。

@Test

public void testSemaphore() throws InterruptedException {

Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(5);

CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(2000);

Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

Runnable runnable = () -> {

boolean isAcquired = semaphore.tryAcquire();

if (isAcquired) {

try {

LOG.info("semaphore is acquired");

TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS.sleep(2);

} catch (InterruptedException ex) {

LOG.error("error: {}", ex);

} finally {

semaphore.release();

}

} else {

LOG.info("semaphore is not acquired");

}

countDownLatch.countDown();

};

IntStream.range(1, 2001).forEach(i ->

executor.execute(runnable)

);

countDownLatch.await();

}

线程池(Thread pool)

线程池中的任务相对独立,才能使它的性能达到最优。在线程池中,如果出现相互依赖的线程,这可能导致线程死锁。比如:我们开启一个只有1个线程的线程池,调用A任务时,A开始了B任务。然后A任务依赖B任务的完成。在实际执行中,A使用了线程池中的线程,B任务不能获取线程执行,导致A任务不停的处于等待,而B任务也在等待A释放线程。

@Test

public void testThreadPoolThreadDependency() {

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

Callable stringRunnable = () -> {

return "test";

};

Callable runnable = () -> {

Future result = executor.submit(stringRunnable);

try {

return result.get();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

return null;

} catch (ExecutionException e) {

return null;

}

};

try {

LOG.info(executor.submit(runnable).get());

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} catch (ExecutionException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

运行上面测试,会发现处于一直等待的情况,查看thread dump:

"pool-1-thread-1" #11 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fd6d606f000 nid=0x5703 waiting on condition [0x0000000122af2000]

java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (parking)

at sun.misc.Unsafe.park(Native Method)

- parking to wait for <0x0000000795f453d8> (a java.util.concurrent.FutureTask)

at java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.park(LockSupport.java:175)

at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.awaitDone(FutureTask.java:429)

at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:191)

at com.eyesee.concurrency.threadpool.ThreadPoolExecutorTest.lambda$testThreadPoolThreadDependency$1(ThreadPoolExecutorTest.java:25)

at com.eyesee.concurrency.threadpool.ThreadPoolExecutorTest$$Lambda$2/183264084.call(Unknown Source)

at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)

at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)

at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)

at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

Locked ownable synchronizers:

- <0x0000000795f22fd0> (a java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker)

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