python的假线程_Linux中的Python线程与多处理

Based on this question I assumed that creating new process should be almost as fast as creating new thread in Linux. However, little test showed very different result. Here's my code:

from multiprocessing import Process, Pool

from threading import Thread

times = 1000

def inc(a):

b = 1

return a + b

def processes():

for i in xrange(times):

p = Process(target=inc, args=(i, ))

p.start()

p.join()

def threads():

for i in xrange(times):

t = Thread(target=inc, args=(i, ))

t.start()

t.join()

Tests:

>>> timeit processes()

1 loops, best of 3: 3.8 s per loop

>>> timeit threads()

10 loops, best of 3: 98.6 ms per loop

So, processes are almost 40 times slower to create! Why does it happen? Is it specific to Python or these libraries? Or did I just misinterpreted the answer above?

UPD 1. To make it more clear. I understand that this piece of code doesn't actually introduce any concurrency. The goal here is to test the time needed to create a process and a thread. To use real concurrency with Python one can use something like this:

def pools():

pool = Pool(10)

pool.map(inc, xrange(times))

which really runs much faster than threaded version.

UPD 2. I have added version with os.fork():

for i in xrange(times):

child_pid = os.fork()

if child_pid:

os.waitpid(child_pid, 0)

else:

exit(-1)

Results are:

$ time python test_fork.py

real 0m3.919s

user 0m0.040s

sys 0m0.208s

$ time python test_multiprocessing.py

real 0m1.088s

user 0m0.128s

sys 0m0.292s

$ time python test_threadings.py

real 0m0.134s

user 0m0.112s

sys 0m0.048s

解决方案

The question you linked to is comparing the cost of just calling fork(2) vs. pthread_create(3), whereas your code does quite a bit more, e.g. using join() to wait for the processes/threads to terminate.

If, as you say...

The goal here is to test the time needed to create a process and a thread.

...then you shouldn't be waiting for them to complete. You should be using test programs more like these...

fork.py

import os

import time

def main():

for i in range(100):

pid = os.fork()

if pid:

#print 'created new process %d' % pid

continue

else:

time.sleep(1)

return

if __name__ == '__main__':

main()

thread.py

import thread

import time

def dummy():

time.sleep(1)

def main():

for i in range(100):

tid = thread.start_new_thread(dummy, ())

#print 'created new thread %d' % tid

if __name__ == '__main__':

main()

...which give the following results...

$ time python fork.py

real 0m0.035s

user 0m0.008s

sys 0m0.024s

$ time python thread.py

real 0m0.032s

user 0m0.012s

sys 0m0.024s

...so there's not much difference in the creation time of threads and processes.