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> 字符串拼接一般使用“+”,但是“+”不能满足大批量数据的处理,Java中有以下五种方法处理字符串拼接,各有优缺点,程序开发应选择合适的方法实现。
1. 加号 “+”
2. String contact() 方法
3. StringUtils.join() 方法
4. StringBuffer append() 方法
5. StringBuilder append() 方法
> 经过简单的程序测试,从执行100次到90万次的时间开销如下表:

由此可以看出:
1. 方法1 加号 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 适用于小数据量的操作,代码简洁方便,加号“+” 更符合我们的编码和阅读习惯;
2. 方法3 StringUtils.join() 方法 适用于将ArrayList转换成字符串,就算90万条数据也只需68ms,可以省掉循环读取ArrayList的代码;
3. 方法4 StringBuffer append() 方法 和 方法5 StringBuilder append() 方法 其实他们的本质是一样的,都是继承自AbstractStringBuilder,效率最高,大批量的数据处理最好选择这两种方法。
4. 方法1 加号 “+” 拼接 和 方法2 String contact() 方法 的时间和空间成本都很高(分析在本文末尾),不能用来做批量数据的处理。
> 源代码,供参考
packagecnblogs.twzheng.lab2;/***@authorTan Wenzheng
**/
importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.List;importorg.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;public classTestString {private static final int max = 100;public voidtestPlus() {
System.out.println(">>> testPlus() <<
String str= "";long start =System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
str= str + "a";
}long end =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end -start;
System.out.println(" {str + \"a\"} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}public voidtestConcat() {
System.out.println(">>> testConcat() <<
String str= "";long start =System.currentTimeMillis();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
str= str.concat("a");
}long end =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end -start;
System.out.println(" {str.concat(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}public voidtestJoin() {
System.out.println(">>> testJoin() <<
List list = new ArrayList();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
list.add("a");
}long end1 =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost1 = end1 -start;
StringUtils.join(list,"");long end =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end -end1;
System.out.println(" {list.add(\"a\")} cost1=" + cost1 + " ms");
System.out.println(" {StringUtils.join(list, \"\")} cost=" +cost+ " ms");
}public voidtestStringBuffer() {
System.out.println(">>> testStringBuffer() <<
StringBuffer strBuffer= newStringBuffer();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
strBuffer.append("a");
}
strBuffer.toString();long end =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end -start;
System.out.println(" {strBuffer.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}public voidtestStringBuilder() {
System.out.println(">>> testStringBuilder() <<
StringBuilder strBuilder= newStringBuilder();for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
strBuilder.append("a");
}
strBuilder.toString();long end =System.currentTimeMillis();long cost = end -start;
System.out
.println(" {strBuilder.append(\"a\")} cost=" + cost + " ms");
}
}
> 测试结果:
1. 执行100次, private static final int max = 100;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=20ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
2. 执行1000次, private static final int max = 1000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=20ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
3. 执行1万次, private static final int max = 10000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=30ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
4. 执行10万次, private static final int max = 100000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=49ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
5. 执行20万次, private static final int max = 200000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=51ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
6. 执行50万次, private static final int max = 500000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=50ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
7. 执行90万次, private static final int max = 900000;
>>> testPlus() <<>> testConcat() <<>> testJoin() <<
{StringUtils.join(list,"")} cost=68ms>>> testStringBuffer() <<>> testStringBuilder() <<
> 查看源代码,以及简单分析
String contact 和 StringBuffer,StringBuilder 的源代码都可以在Java库里找到,有空可以研究研究。
1. 其实每次调用contact()方法就是一次数组的拷贝,虽然在内存中是处理都是原子性操作,速度非常快,但是,最后的return语句会创建一个新String对象,限制了concat方法的速度。
publicString concat(String str) {int otherLen =str.length();if (otherLen == 0) {return this;
}int len =value.length;char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len +otherLen);
str.getChars(buf, len);return new String(buf, true);
}
2. StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 的append方法都继承自AbstractStringBuilder,整个逻辑都只做字符数组的加长,拷贝,到最后也不会创建新的String对象,所以速度很快,完成拼接处理后在程序中用strBuffer.toString()来得到最终的字符串。
/*** Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
*
* The characters of the {@codeString} argument are appended, in
* order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the
* argument. If {@codestr} is {@codenull}, then the four
* characters {@code"null"} are appended.
*
* Let n be the length of this character sequence just prior to
* execution of the {@codeappend} method. Then the character at
* index k in the new character sequence is equal to the character
* at index k in the old character sequence, if k is less
* than n; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
* k-n in the argument {@codestr}.
*
*@paramstr a string.
*@returna reference to this object.*/
publicAbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {if (str == null) str = "null";int len =str.length();
ensureCapacityInternal(count+len);
str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
count+=len;return this;
}
/*** This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
* never synchronized.*/
private void ensureCapacityInternal(intminimumCapacity) {//overflow-conscious code
if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}/*** This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
* size check or synchronization.*/
void expandCapacity(intminimumCapacity) {int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
newCapacity=minimumCapacity;if (newCapacity < 0) {if (minimumCapacity < 0) //overflow
throw newOutOfMemoryError();
newCapacity=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
value=Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
}
3. 字符串的加号“+” 方法, 虽然编译器对其做了优化,使用StringBuilder的append方法进行追加,但是每循环一次都会创建一个StringBuilder对象,且都会调用toString方法转换成字符串,所以开销很大。
注:执行一次字符串“+”,相当于 str = new StringBuilder(str).append("a").toString();
4. 本文开头的地方统计了时间开销,根据上述分析再想想空间的开销。常说拿空间换时间,反过来是不是拿时间换到了空间呢,但是在这里,其实时间是消耗在了重复的不必要的工作上(生成新的对象,toString方法),所以对大批量数据做处理时,加号“+” 和 contact 方法绝对不能用,时间和空间成本都很高。
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