python简短语法_python基础知识---简单语法

1.if语句>> a = 10

>> b = 20

>> if(a>b):

print("a max!")

else:

print("b max!")

b max!>> student = "zhangxiaoyu"

>> if (student == "zhanxgiaoyu"):

print("YES")

else:

print("NO")

NO>> if (student != "zhanxgiaoyu"):

print("YES")

else:

print("NO")

YES

【in 和 not in 表示包含的关系】>> hi = "hello python"

>> if ("h" in hi):

print("yes")

else:

print("no")

yes>> if (" " in hi):

print("yes")

else:

print("no")

yes>> if ("i" in hi):

print("yes")

else:

print("no")

no

【if语句可以进行布尔类型判断】>> a = True

>> if a:

print(" a is True")

else:

print("a is no True")

a is True

2.for语句>> names = ["xiaoyu","xiaowen","huahua","qiongge"]

>> for name in names:

print(name)

xiaoyu

xiaowen

huahua

qiongge>> for name in names:

print(name)

if(name == "huahua"):

print("yes")

break

xiaoyu

xiaowen

huahua

yes>> for name in names:

print(name)

if(name == "huahua"):

print("yes")

continue

xiaoyu

xiaowen

huahua

yes

qiongge

range()函数：默认从零开始循环，也可以设置起始位置和步长>> for i in range(10):

print(i)

01

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9>> for i in range(1,20,5):

print(i)

1

6

11

16

3.数组与字典

(1)数组>> lists = [1,2,3,4,5,6,'a']

>> lists[0]

1

>> lists[6]

'a'

>> lists[6] = 'n'

>> lists[6]

'n'

>> lists.append("v")

>> lists

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'n', 'v']

(2)字典

>> ret = {"usenames":"xiaoyu","password":"12345"}

>> ret.keys()

dict_keys(['password', 'usenames'])

>> ret.values()

dict_values(['12345', 'xiaoyu'])

>> ret.items()

dict_items([('password', '12345'), ('usenames', 'xiaoyu')])

4.函数、类和方法

(1)函数

def关键字来定义函数。

>> def add(a,b):

print(a+b)

>> add(1,2)

3

>> sum = add(1,2)

3

>> def add(a,b):

return (a+b)

>> add(1,9)

10

若在调用add()函数时不想传参，可设置默认参数。>> def add(a = 1,b = 9):

return (a+b)

>> add()

10

>> add(10,20)

30

(2)类和方法

class A(object):

def add(self,a,b):

return (a+b)

count = A()

print(count.add(3,9))

class A():

def init(self,a,b):   #初始化

self.a = int(a)

self.b = int(b)

def add(self):

return self.a+self.b

count = A(0,0)

print(count.add())

class A():     #B继承A

def add(self, a, b):

return(a+b)

class B(A):

def sub(self,a,b):

return(a-b)

count = B()

print(count.add(10,90))

print(count.sub(10-9,9))

5.模组(类库、模块)

(1)在time模块下面有一个ctime()方法用于获取当前时间

import time

print(time.ctime())

from time import ctime   #只会用到tiem下的ctime()方法

print(ctime())

import time

print(time.ctime())

print(time.sleep(2))

print("休眠两秒")

print(time.sleep(2))

print(time.ctime())

from time import #“”用于表示模块下面的所有方法

print(ctime())

print("休眠3秒")

print(sleep(3))

print(ctime())

5.异常

(1)

try:

open("abc.txt",'r')

except FileNotFoundError:    #试图打开一个不存在的文件与目录

print("异常了！")

(2)

try:

print(aa)

except NameError:          #使用一个还未赋值对象的变量

print("这是一个name异常")

(3)

try:

open("abc.txt",'r')

print(aa)

except Exception(BaseException) as msg:

print("这是一个异常")

print(msg)

[Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'abc.txt'

在python中所有的异常类都继承Exception，所以可以使用它来接收所有类型的异常。从python2.5版本之后，所有的异常都有了新的基类BaseException。Exception同样继承自BaseException。

(4)异常与if语句配合

try:

aa = "python"

print(aa)

except Exception as msg:

print("有异常存在")

else:

print("输出正常，没有异常")

try:

aa = "python"

print(aa)

except Exception as meg:

print(msg)

finally:

print("不管是否有异常存在，都会执行")