MySQL有很多的可视化管理工具,比如“mysql-workbench”和“sequel-pro-”。 现在我写MySQL的终端命令操作的文章,是想强化一下自己对于MySQL的理解,总会比使用图形化的理解透彻,因为我本来就比较喜欢写代码。同时写出来这些文章,是想要给大家当个参考,希望也能对大家有所帮助,有所提升,这就是我为什么要写终端操作MySQL的文章了。
注意:MySQL数据库命令不区分大小写。但在MAC的终端,如果你想使用tab自动补全命令,那么你就必须使用大写,这样MAC的终端才会帮你补全命令,否则你按N遍tab都不会有响应。
1、数据库(database)管理
1.1 create 创建数据库
create database firstDB;
1.2 show 查看所有数据库
mysql>show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| firstDB |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.3 alter 修改数据库
alter 命令修改数据库编码:
默认创建的数据库默认不支持中文字符,如果我们需要它支持中文字符,则将它的编码设置为utf8格式:
mysql> ALTER DATABASE testDB CHARACTER SETUTF8;
Query OK,1 row affected (0.00 sec)
1.4 use 使用数据库
mysql> usefirstDB;Database changed
1.5 查看当前使用的数据库
mysql> select database();+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| firstdb |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
1.6 drop 删除数据库
mysql> drop databasefirstDB;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2、数据表(table)管理
我们首先创建一个数据库,提供我们往后的使用:
mysql> create databasetestDB;
Query OK,1 row affected (0.00 sec)
创建后记得用use命令进入(使用)数据库,不然后面的操作都会不成功的。
2.1 create 创建表
mysql> create tablePEOPLE (-> ID int AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,-> NAME varchar(20) not null,-> AGE int not null,-> BIRTHDAY datetime);
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
2.2 show 显示表
显示当前数据库所有的数据表
mysql>show tables;+------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb |
+------------------+
| PEOPLE |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3 desc 查看表结构
mysql> descPEOPLE->;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| BIRTHDAY | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.4 alter 修改表结构(增、删、改)
默认创建的表不支持中文字符,所以需将表编码设置为utf8:
mysql>ALTER TABLE KEYCHAIN CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET UTF8;
Query OK,1 row affected (0.02sec)
Records:1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2.4.1 insert 在表中添加列(字段)
mysql> alter table PEOPLE addstar BOOL;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.02sec)
Records:0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
提示:在MySQL里,布尔类型会自动转换为tinyint(1)类型。
我们不妨使用desc去查看一下PEOPLE表结构:
mysql> descPEOPLE;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| BIRTHDAY | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| star | tinyint(1) | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
现在,你该相信我了吧?
2.4.2 alter 修改表(列)字段
mysql> alter table PEOPLE MODIFY star int;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.01sec)
Records:0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
也可以指定 int(n) 的长度,比如 int(2)。
我们再次使用desc查看PEOPLE表结构:
mysql> descPEOPLE;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| BIRTHDAY | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| star | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.4.3 delete 删除表(列)字段
mysql> alter table PEOPLE DROP columnstar;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.02sec)
Records:0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
删除后,再次查看PEOPLE表结构:
mysql> descPEOPLE;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| BIRTHDAY | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除字段成功,现在我们已经不能看到star的字段了。
2.4.4 rename 重命名表名
mysql> RENAME TABLE PEOPLE TONEW_PEOPLE;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2.4.5 null or not null
修改表字段允许为空或不允许为空:
mysql> ALTER TABLE PEOPLE MODIFY AGE INT(3) NULL;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.01sec)
Records:0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
把 PEOPLE 表的 AGE 字段设置成“允许为空”,即插入记录时这个字段可以不录入。否则相反。
它的格式为:ALTER TABLE MODIFY
2.5 create 利用已有数据创建新表
mysql> create table newTable select * fromPEOPLE;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.01sec)
Records:0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
我们查看一下目前数据库存在的表:
mysql>show tables;+------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb |
+------------------+
| PEOPLE |
| newTable |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3、数据的操作及管理
数据表的基本操作,包含增、删、改、查数据。
以下命令均在PEOPLE表上操作。
3.1 增加数据(增)
PEOPLE表目前是没有数据的,它是空的数据表,我们现在先添加一些数据。
insert into 命令添加数据:
mysql> insert into PEOPLE VALUES (null, 'Anny', 22, '1992-05-22');
Query OK,1 row affected (0.00 sec)
使用select命令查看表(会在后面介绍),现在我们查看PEOPLE数据表的数据:
mysql> select * fromPEOPLE;+----+------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
+----+------+-----+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
数据表现在有一条数据。
我们多添加几条数据,如:
mysql> select * fromPEOPLE;+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Garvey | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 3 | Lisa | 25 | 1989-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2 删除数据(删)
delete 命令删除数据:
mysql> delete from PEOPLE where name = 'Lisa';
Query OK,1 row affected (0.01 sec)
再次查询PEOPLE表:
mysql> select * fromPEOPLE;+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Garvey | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
已经看不到名为“Lisa”的数据了。
删除多条数据,可以使用“||”符号分隔条件
mysql> delete from PEOPLE where id = 1 || id = 2;
也可以把“||” 换成“or”
mysql> delete from PEOPLE where id = 1 or id = 2;
还可以用where in的方式批量删除数据
mysql> delete from PEOPLE where id in (1,2);
3.3 修改数据(改)
update 命令修改数据:
mysql> update PEOPLE set name='Calvin' where name = 'Garvey';
Query OK,1 row affected (0.00sec)
Rows matched:1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
查询PEOPLE表内容:
mysql> select * fromPEOPLE;+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Calvin | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
名为“Garvey”的记录已经修改为“Calvin”。
3.4 查询数据(查)
select 命令查询数据,最简单的就是查询表的所有数据,也就是我们最初使用到的那条命令:
mysql> select * fromPEOPLE;+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Calvin | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
格式:select * from ,*代表所有字段。
查询数据时也可指定显示的(列)字段:
mysql> select NAME, AGE, BIRTHDAY fromPEOPLE;+--------+-----+---------------------+
| NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+--------+-----+---------------------+
| Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| Calvin | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
+--------+-----+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
格式:select from 。
select查询命令还有很多的高级用法,比如用来查找不重复(distinct)的数据,使数据按条件排序(order by),按查询条件显示数据(where)等等。这些都会在下一篇文章作重点介绍,请大家继续留意我的博客,谢谢。
4、管理视图
创建视图
视图是从数据库里导出一个或多个表的虚拟表,是用来方便用户对数据的操作。
mysql> CREATE VIEWPEOPLE_VIEW (->NAME, AGE)-> AS SELECT NAME, AGE FROM PEOPLE;
创建成功后查看视图。
PEOPLE PEOPLE.AGE PEOPLE.BIRTHDAY PEOPLE.ID PEOPLE.NAME
mysql> SELECT * FROMPEOPLE_VIEW->;+--------+-----+
| NAME | AGE |
+--------+-----+
| Anny | 22 |
| Calvin | 23 |
| Nick | 24 |
| Rick | 24 |
+--------+-----+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我们也可以使用 DESC 命令查看视图的结构。
mysql> DESCPEOPLE_VIEW;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | | 0 | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
替换视图
创建或替换原有视图。
mysql> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW PEOPLE_VIEW(PEOPLE_ID,PEOPLE_NAME,PEOPLE_AGE) AS SELECT ID,NAME,AGE FROMPEOPLE;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
创建或替换后查看视图。
mysql> SELECT * FROMPEOPLE_VIEW;+-----------+-------------+------------+
| PEOPLE_ID | PEOPLE_NAME | PEOPLE_AGE |
+-----------+-------------+------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 |
| 2 | Calvin | 23 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 |
+-----------+-------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
操作视图
当视图数据有变化时(增、删、改),真实的表数据也会随着改变。也就是说,对视图的操作就是对表的数据,所以我们可以把视图当作表。
例:往视图插入一条数据。
mysql> INSERT INTO PEOPLE_VIEW VALUES(NULL, 'Kerry', '33');
Query OK,1 row affected (0.00 sec)
插入数据成功后查看视图。
mysql> SELECT * FROMPEOPLE_VIEW ;+-----------+-------------+------------+
| PEOPLE_ID | PEOPLE_NAME | PEOPLE_AGE |
+-----------+-------------+------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 |
| 2 | Calvin | 23 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 |
| 6 | Kerry | 33 |
+-----------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以在视图上看到我们刚刚插入的数据,现在我们就来验证一下真实的表是否也会作出变化。
mysql> SELECT * FROMPEOPLE;+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | BIRTHDAY |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
| 1 | Anny | 22 | 1992-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Calvin | 23 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Nick | 24 | 1990-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Rick | 24 | 1991-05-22 00:00:00 |
| 6 | Kerry | 33 | NULL |
+----+--------+-----+---------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可见,真实的表数据也已经有所改变,刚刚往视图里插入的那一条数据存在于真实表中,真理便是:对视图的操作就是对表的数据。
删除视图
mysql> DROP VIEWPEOPLE_VIEW;
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.00 sec)