Java字节码的一段旅行经历——提升硬实力1

字节码指令

1.1 什么是字节码

字节码（Byte-code）是一种包含执行程序，由一序列 op 代码/数据对组成的二进制文件，是一种中间码。字节是电脑里的数据量单位。

1.2 javap 工具

自己分析类文件（字节码）太麻烦了，Oracle提供了javap工具来反编译class文件

javap -v HelloWorld.class

/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_241.jdk/Contents/Home/bin/javap -v com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T01_HelloWorld
Classfile /Users/lei/IdeaProjects/JvmLearn/target/classes/com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T01_HelloWorld.class
  Last modified 2020-8-10; size 586 bytes
  MD5 checksum 916c3ebdbfef6b6fab63cac6a085aaa1
  Compiled from "T01_HelloWorld.java"
public class com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T01_HelloWorld
  minor version: 0
  major version: 52
  flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
   #1 = Methodref          #6.#20         // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   #2 = Fieldref           #21.#22        // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   #3 = String             #23            // HelloWorld
   #4 = Methodref          #24.#25        // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
   #5 = Class              #26            // com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T01_HelloWorld
   #6 = Class              #27            // java/lang/Object
   #7 = Utf8               <init>
   #8 = Utf8               ()V
   #9 = Utf8               Code
  #10 = Utf8               LineNumberTable
  #11 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable
  #12 = Utf8               this
  #13 = Utf8               Lcom/jvm/t07_bytecode/T01_HelloWorld;
  #14 = Utf8               main
  #15 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #16 = Utf8               args
  #17 = Utf8               [Ljava/lang/String;
  #18 = Utf8               SourceFile
  #19 = Utf8               T01_HelloWorld.java
  #20 = NameAndType        #7:#8          // "<init>":()V
  #21 = Class              #28            // java/lang/System
  #22 = NameAndType        #29:#30        // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #23 = Utf8               HelloWorld
  #24 = Class              #31            // java/io/PrintStream
  #25 = NameAndType        #32:#33        // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #26 = Utf8               com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T01_HelloWorld
  #27 = Utf8               java/lang/Object
  #28 = Utf8               java/lang/System
  #29 = Utf8               out
  #30 = Utf8               Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #31 = Utf8               java/io/PrintStream
  #32 = Utf8               println
  #33 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/String;)V
{
  public com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T01_HelloWorld();
    descriptor: ()V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC
    Code:
      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
         0: aload_0
         1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
         4: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 11: 0
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0       5     0  this   Lcom/jvm/t07_bytecode/T01_HelloWorld;

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
    descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
    Code:
      stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
         0: getstatic     #2                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
         3: ldc           #3                  // String HelloWorld
         5: invokevirtual #4                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
         8: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 13: 0
        line 14: 8
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0       9     0  args   [Ljava/lang/String;
}
SourceFile: "T01_HelloWorld.java"

Process finished with exit code 0

2.3 图解方法执行流程

1）原始java 代码

/*
    演示 字节码指令 和 操作数栈、常量池的关系
 */
public class T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = Short.MAX_VALUE + 1;
        int c = a + b;
        System.out.println(c);
    }
}

2）编译后的字节码文件

/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_241.jdk/Contents/Home/bin/javap -v com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel
Classfile /Users/lei/IdeaProjects/JvmLearn/target/classes/com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel.class
  Last modified 2020-8-10; size 709 bytes
  MD5 checksum cc8fc12b6e178b8f28e787497e993363
  Compiled from "T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel.java"
public class com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel
  minor version: 0
  major version: 52
  flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
   #1 = Methodref          #7.#25         // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   #2 = Class              #26            // java/lang/Short
   #3 = Integer            32768
   #4 = Fieldref           #27.#28        // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   #5 = Methodref          #29.#30        // java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
   #6 = Class              #31            // com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel
   #7 = Class              #32            // java/lang/Object
   #8 = Utf8               <init>
   #9 = Utf8               ()V
  #10 = Utf8               Code
  #11 = Utf8               LineNumberTable
  #12 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable
  #13 = Utf8               this
  #14 = Utf8               Lcom/jvm/t07_bytecode/T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel;
  #15 = Utf8               main
  #16 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #17 = Utf8               args
  #18 = Utf8               [Ljava/lang/String;
  #19 = Utf8               a
  #20 = Utf8               I
  #21 = Utf8               b
  #22 = Utf8               c
  #23 = Utf8               SourceFile
  #24 = Utf8               T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel.java
  #25 = NameAndType        #8:#9          // "<init>":()V
  #26 = Utf8               java/lang/Short
  #27 = Class              #33            // java/lang/System
  #28 = NameAndType        #34:#35        // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #29 = Class              #36            // java/io/PrintStream
  #30 = NameAndType        #37:#38        // println:(I)V
  #31 = Utf8               com/jvm/t07_bytecode/T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel
  #32 = Utf8               java/lang/Object
  #33 = Utf8               java/lang/System
  #34 = Utf8               out
  #35 = Utf8               Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #36 = Utf8               java/io/PrintStream
  #37 = Utf8               println
  #38 = Utf8               (I)V
{
  public com.jvm.t07_bytecode.T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel();
    descriptor: ()V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC
    Code:
      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
         0: aload_0
         1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
         4: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 15: 0
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0       5     0  this   Lcom/jvm/t07_bytecode/T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel;

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
    descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
    Code:
      stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
         0: bipush        10
         2: istore_1
         3: ldc           #3                  // int 32768
         5: istore_2
         6: iload_1
         7: iload_2
         8: iadd
         9: istore_3
        10: getstatic     #4                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
        13: iload_3
        14: invokevirtual #5                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
        17: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 17: 0
        line 18: 3
        line 19: 6
        line 20: 10
        line 21: 17
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0      18     0  args   [Ljava/lang/String;
            3      15     1     a   I
            6      12     2     b   I
           10       8     3     c   I
}
SourceFile: "T02_ByteCommandStackConstantPoolRel.java"

Process finished with exit code 0

3）常量池载入运行时常量池

4）方法字节码载入方法区

5）main线程开始运行，分配栈帧内存

（stack=2,  locals=4）

  

6）执行引擎开始执行字节码

bipush 10

• 将一个byte压入操作数栈（其长度会补齐4个字节），类似的指令还有
• sipush将一个short压入操作数栈（其长度会补齐4个字节）
• idc将一个int压入操作数栈
• idc2_w将一个long压入操作数栈（分两次压入，因为long是8个字节）
• 这里小的数字都是和字节码指令存在一起，超过short范围的数字存入常量池

istore_1

• 将操作数栈顶数据弹出，存入局部变量表的槽位slot 1中，下图的args/a/b/c就是对应的槽位

idc  #3

• idc 从常量池加载 #3 数据到操作数栈
• 注意： Short.MAX_VALUE是32767，所以32768 = Short.MAX_VALUE + 1 超过了Short.MAX_VALUE的值，所以编译器将其放在运行时常量池中。实际是在编译期间计算好的，是一种优化，叫常量折叠优化

istore_2

• 将操作数栈顶数据弹出，存入局部变量表的2号槽位中

iload_1

再接下来，需要执行int c = a + b；执行引擎不能直接在局部变量表进行a+b操作，需要先将a、b进行读取，然后放入操作数栈中才能进行计算分析

• 把局部变量从1号槽位加载数据到操作数栈中

iload 2

• 再把局部变量从2号槽位加载数据到操作数栈中

iadd

• iadd会弹出操作数栈中的2个变量，并进行求和得到32778，最后将结果32778写回到操作数栈中

istore_3

• 将操作数栈的数弹出，存入局部变量表3号槽位。到目前为止，局部变量a、b、c都有值了

getstatic #4

• 去常量池找到成员变量引用，去堆中找到System.out对象。getstatic 会把对象引用放入操作数栈中

iload_3

• 将局部变量表3号槽位的值加载到操作数栈中

invokevirtual #5

• 找到常量池 #5项
• 定位到方法区 java/io/PrintStream.println: (I)V方法
• 生成新的栈帧（分配locals、stack等）
• 传递传数，执行新栈帧中的字节码

• 执行完毕，弹出栈帧
• 清除main操作数栈内容

return

• 完成main方法调用，弹出main栈帧
• 程序结束

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