python成品代码_【Python学习】Python外壳，代码结构

位置参数与关键字参数

要把参数传进function中有两种方法，位置参数与关键字参数，示例如下 (如果同时出现，则以位置参数优先)

可以在定义函数时，设定默认值，若使用function时沒有填入改参数，則使用默认值，有的话则覆盖

defmenu(wine, entree, dessert):return {'wine': wine, 'entree': entree, 'dessert': dessert}print(menu('chardonnay', 'chicken', 'cake'))print(menu(entree='beef', dessert='bagel', wine='bordeaux'))print(menu('frontenac', dessert='flan', entree='fish'))

{'wine': 'chardonnay', 'entree': 'chicken', 'dessert': 'cake'}

{'wine': 'bordeaux', 'entree': 'beef', 'dessert': 'bagel'}

{'wine': 'frontenac', 'entree': 'fish', 'dessert': 'flan'}

def menu(wine, entree, dessert='pudding'):return {'wine': wine, 'entree': entree, 'dessert': dessert}print(menu('chardonnay', 'chicken'))print(menu('dunkelfelder', 'duck', 'doughnut'))

{'wine': 'chardonnay', 'entree': 'chicken', 'dessert': 'pudding'}

{'wine': 'dunkelfelder', 'entree': 'duck', 'dessert': 'doughnut'}

#特別注意!!!!若把空list当做默认值会发生意料之外的事情

def buggy(arg, result=[]):

result.append(arg)print(result)#第一次使用时OK

buggy('a')#第二次使用时就会残存上次的结果

buggy('b')#可以使用以下方法修改function

defworks(arg):

result=[]

result.append(arg)returnresultdef nonbuggy(arg, result=None):if result isNone:

result=[]

result.append(arg)print(result)

works('a')

works('b')

nonbuggy('a')

nonbuggy('b')

['a']

['a', 'b']

['a']

['b']

使用 * 与 ** 收集位置参数与关键字参数

*收集而成的参数会以Tuples储存

**收集到的会以Dictionary储存

print('全部都给收集器')def print_args(*args):print('Positional argument tuple:', args)

print_args()

print_args(1,2,3)print('\n混合位置参数使用，剩下的都给收集器')def print_more(required1, required2, *args):print('Need this one:', required1)print('Need this one too:', required2)print('All the rest:', args)

print_more('cap', 'gloves', 'scarf', 'monocle', 'mustache wax')

全部都给收集器

Positional argument tuple: ()

Positional argument tuple: (1, 2, 3)

混合位置参数使用，剩下的都给收集器

Need this one: cap

Need this one too: gloves

All the rest: ('scarf', 'monocle', 'mustache wax')

def print_kwargs(**kwargs):print('Keyword arguments:', kwargs)

print_kwargs(wine='merlot', entree='mutton', dessert='macaroon')

Keyword arguments: {'wine': 'merlot', 'entree': 'mutton', 'dessert': 'macaroon'}

function 说明文字

为了提高代码的可读性，可以对自行定义出的函数加上说明文字，他人在使用时就可以使用help叫出文字

defecho(anything):'echo returns its input argument'

returnanythingdefprint_if_true(thing, check):'''Prints the first argument if a second argument is true.

The operation is:

1. Check whether the *second* argument is true.

2. If it is, print the *first* argument.'''

ifcheck:print(thing)

help(echo)print('--------------------------------')

help(print_if_true)print('\n仅叫出文字↓')print(echo.__doc__)print('--------------------------------')print(print_if_true.__doc__)

Help on function echo in module __main__:

echo(anything)

echo returns its input argument

--------------------------------

Help on function print_if_true in module __main__:

print_if_true(thing, check)

Prints the first argument if a second argument is true.

The operation is:

1. Check whether the *second* argument is true.

2. If it is, print the *first* argument.

仅叫出文字↓

echo returns its input argument

--------------------------------

Prints the first argument if a second argument is true.

The operation is:

1. Check whether the *second* argument is true.

2. If it is, print the *first* argument.