java 实例太多_【Builder】Java类设计过程参数太多时怎么办

Java类设计过程中，如果类的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数，并且其中有大量的可选参数时，我们应该怎么办？

1.Telescoping Constructor模式(重叠构造器)

我们首先想到的方法肯定是传统的构造器

/**

* Created by itbird on 2017/3/23

*/

public class Person {

private String name;

private String sex;

private int year;

public Person(String name, String sex, int year) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

}

}

但是设计以及使用过程中我们发现以下几点问题：

(1)属性参数逐渐变多时

属性参数逐渐变多时，由于要对之前的代码做兼容，所以不可以直接在现有构造器后面追加属性，只能不断新增构造器

/**

* Created by itbird on 2017/3/23

*/

public class Person {

private String name;

private String sex;

private int year;

private String city;

public Person(String name, String sex, int year) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

}

public Person(String name, String sex, int year, String city) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

this.city = city;

}

}

(2)属性参数中有大量的可选参数

/**

* Created by itbird on 2017/3/23

*/

public class Person {

private String name;

private String sex;

private int year;

private String city;

private String state;

private boolean isFemale;

private boolean isEmployed;

private boolean isHomewOwner;

public Person(String name, String sex, int year) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

}

public Person(String name, String sex, int year, String city) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

this.city = city;

}

public Person(String name, String sex, int year, String city, String newState,

boolean newIsFemale, boolean newIsEmployed, boolean newIsHomeOwner) {

this.name = name;

this.sex = sex;

this.year = year;

this.city = city;

this.state = newState;

this.isFemale = newIsFemale;

this.isEmployed = newIsEmployed;

this.isHomewOwner = newIsHomeOwner;

}

}

显而易见，这样写的类构造器虽然无可厚非，但是当有许多参数的时候，客户端代码会很难编写，并且难以阅读。如果读者想知道那些值是什么意思，必须很仔细的数着这些参数来探个究竟。

2.JavaBeans模式

在这种模式下，调用一个无参构造器来创建对象，然后调用setter方法来设置每个必要的参数，以及每个相关的可选参数。

/**

* Created by itbird on 2017/3/23

*/

public class Person {

private String name;

private String sex;

private int year;

private String city;

private String state;

private boolean isFemale;

private boolean isEmployed;

private boolean isHomewOwner;

public Person() {

}

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public String getSex() {

return sex;

}

public void setSex(String sex) {

this.sex = sex;

}

public int getYear() {

return year;

}

public void setYear(int year) {

this.year = year;

}

public String getCity() {

return city;

}

public void setCity(String city) {

this.city = city;

}

public String getState() {

return state;

}

public void setState(String state) {

this.state = state;

}

public boolean isFemale() {

return isFemale;

}

public void setFemale(boolean female) {

isFemale = female;

}

public boolean isEmployed() {

return isEmployed;

}

public void setEmployed(boolean employed) {

isEmployed = employed;

}

public boolean isHomewOwner() {

return isHomewOwner;

}

public void setHomewOwner(boolean homewOwner) {

isHomewOwner = homewOwner;

}

}

这种模式弥补重叠构造器模式的不足。说的明白一点，就是创建实例很容易，这样产生的代码读起来也很容易:

Person person = new Person();

person.setCity("重庆");

person.setYear(12);

person.setSex("男");

person.setName("itbird");

遗憾的是，JavaBeans模式自身有着很严重的缺点。因为构造过程被分到几个调用中，在构造过程中JavaBean可能处于非一致的状态。JavaBeans模式阻止了把类做成不可变的可能，这就需要程序员付出额外的努力来确保他的线程安全。

3.Builder模式

/**

* Created by itbird on 2017/3/23

*/

public class Person {

private String name;

private String sex;

private int year;

private String city;

private String state;

private boolean isFemale;

private boolean isEmployed;

private boolean isHomewOwner;

public Person() {

}

public static class PersonBuilder {

// 必要参数

private String name;

// 可选参数

private String sex;

private int year;

private String city;

private String state;

private boolean isFemale;

private boolean isEmployed;

private boolean isHomewOwner;

public PersonBuilder(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public PersonBuilder setSex(String sex) {

this.sex = sex;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setYear(int year) {

this.year = year;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setCity(String city) {

this.city = city;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setState(String state) {

this.state = state;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setFemale(boolean female) {

isFemale = female;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setEmployed(boolean employed) {

isEmployed = employed;

return this;

}

public PersonBuilder setHomewOwner(boolean homewOwner) {

isHomewOwner = homewOwner;

return this;

}

public Person build() {

Person person = new Person();

person.name = name;

person.sex = sex;

person.city = city;

person.isEmployed = isEmployed;

person.isFemale = isFemale;

person.isHomewOwner = isHomewOwner;

person.state = state;

person.year = year;

return person;

}

}

}

调用的实例:

Person person = new Person.PersonBuilder("itbird")

.setCity("重庆").setYear(15).build();

显然，使用Builder模式解决了上诉的难题，达到了“以不变(Builder)应万变(参数)”的目的。

总结：

Java类设计过程中，如果类的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数，并且其中有大量的可选参数时，我们应该考虑使用构建器，与传统的重叠构造器模式相比，使用Builder模式的代码更易于阅读和编写，有更好的可扩展性，同时构建器也比JavaBeans更加安全。

从最后的实例演练中我们知道，在实际开发过程中，我们往往是需要几种模式混合使用，这样才能在保证代码健壮性、可读性的同时，去保证代码的可扩展性以及线程安全性等，这才是代码设计开发过程中真正的“以不变应万变”之道。