python全站爬虫_python基于scrapy实现简书全站爬虫

Scrapy是一个为了爬取网站数据，提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架。 其可以应用在数据挖掘，信息处理或存储历史数据等一系列的程序中。

其最初是为了页面抓取 (更确切来说, 网络抓取 )所设计的， 也可以应用在获取API所返回的数据(例如 Amazon Associates Web Services ) 或者通用的网络爬虫。Scrapy用途广泛，可以用于数据挖掘、监测和自动化测试。

Scrapy 使用了 Twisted异步网络库来处理网络通讯。整体架构大致如下

Scrapy主要包括了以下组件：

引擎(Scrapy)

用来处理整个系统的数据流处理, 触发事务(框架核心)

调度器(Scheduler)

用来接受引擎发过来的请求, 压入队列中, 并在引擎再次请求的时候返回. 可以想像成一个URL(抓取网页的网址或者说是链接)的优先队列, 由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么, 同时去除重复的网址

下载器(Downloader)

用于下载网页内容, 并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)

爬虫(Spiders)

爬虫是主要干活的, 用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息, 即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让Scrapy继续抓取下一个页面

项目管道(Pipeline)

负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体，主要的功能是持久化实体、验证实体的有效性、清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后，将被发送到项目管道，并经过几个特定的次序处理数据。

下载器中间件(Downloader Middlewares)

位于Scrapy引擎和下载器之间的框架，主要是处理Scrapy引擎与下载器之间的请求及响应。

爬虫中间件(Spider Middlewares)

介于Scrapy引擎和爬虫之间的框架，主要工作是处理蜘蛛的响应输入和请求输出。

调度中间件(Scheduler Middewares)

介于Scrapy引擎和调度之间的中间件，从Scrapy引擎发送到调度的请求和响应。

Scrapy运行流程大概如下：

引擎从调度器中取出一个链接(URL)用于接下来的抓取

引擎把URL封装成一个请求(Request)传给下载器

下载器把资源下载下来，并封装成应答包(Response)

爬虫解析Response

解析出实体(Item),则交给实体管道进行进一步的处理

解析出的是链接(URL),则把URL交给调度器等待抓取

以下实现的一个简单的简书全站爬虫，并存储到mysql数据库

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

js.py

"""

import scrapy

import json

from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor

from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule

from ..items import Article, Author

class JsSpider(CrawlSpider):

name = 'js'

allowed_domains = ['jianshu.com']

start_urls = ['http://jianshu.com/']

rules = (

Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'.*/p/[0-9a-z]{12}.*'), callback='parse_detail', follow=True),

)

def parse_detail(self, response):

title = response.xpath('//h1[@class="title"]/text()').get()

content = response.xpath('//div[@class="show-content"]').get()

origin_url = response.url.split("?")[0]

article_id = origin_url.split("/")[-1]

author1 = response.xpath('//span[@class="name"]/a/text()').get()

avatar = response.xpath('//a[@class="avatar"]/img/@src').get()

page_date = response.xpath('//script[@data-name="page-data"]/text()').get()

data = json.loads(page_date)

pub_time = response.xpath('//span[@class="publish-time"]/text()').get().split()[0]

word_num = data.get("public_wordage")

read_num = data.get("views_count")

comment_num = data.get("comments_count")

likes_num = data.get("likes_count")

rewards_num = data.get("total_rewards_count")

article = Article(title=title,

content=content,

origin_url=origin_url,

article_id=article_id,

author=author1,

avatar=avatar)

yield article

"""

items.py

"""

import scrapy

from scrapy import Field

class Article(scrapy.Item):

title = Field()

content = Field()

article_id = Field()

author = Field()

origin_url = Field()

avatar = Field()

class Author(scrapy.Item):

nickname = Field()

total_likes_count = Field()

total_wordage = Field()

followers_count = Field()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

DownloaderMiddlewar:下载中间件

SpiderMiddleware：爬虫中间件

engine-->调度器--->request--->下载中间件--->response--->spider

-->爬虫中间件-->(pipeline持久化或者engine)

内置下载中间件

{

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,

'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,

}

内置爬虫中间件：

'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,

'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,

'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,

'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,

'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,

"""

from scrapy import signals

class JianshuSpiderSpiderMiddleware(object):

# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,

# scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the

# passed objects.

@classmethod

def from_crawler(cls, crawler):

# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.

s = cls()

crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)

return s

def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):

# Called for each response that goes through the spider

# middleware and into the spider.

#下载完成，response交给spider

# Should return None or raise an exception.

return None

def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):

# Called with the results returned from the Spider, after

# it has processed the response.

#spider执行完成以后执行

# Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.

for i in result:

yield i

def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):

# Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method

# (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.

# Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict

# or Item objects.

pass

def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):

# Called with the start requests of the spider, and works

# similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except

# that it doesn’t have a response associated.

#爬虫启动时调用

# Must return only requests (not items).

for r in start_requests:

yield r

def spider_opened(self, spider):

spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

class JianshuSpiderDownloaderMiddleware(object):

# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,

# scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the

# passed objects.

@classmethod

def from_crawler(cls, crawler):

# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.

s = cls()

crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)

return s

def process_request(self, request, spider):

# Called for each request that goes through the downloader

# middleware.

# Must either:

# - return None: continue processing this request后续中间件继续下载

# - or return a Response object停止process_request，开始执行process_response

# - or return a Request object停止中间件，重新调度Request

# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods 执行process_exception

# installed downloader middleware will be called

return None

def process_response(self, request, response, spider):

# Called with the response returned from the downloader.

# Must either;

# - return a Response object

# - return a Request object

# - or raise IgnoreRequest

return response

def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):

# Called when a download handler or a process_request()

# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

# Must either:

# - return None: continue processing this exception

# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain

# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain

pass

def spider_opened(self, spider):

spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

下面是持久化数据的操作，使用的是twisetd支持的异步引擎提高存储速度,并且数据库相关配置信息从setting文件里面读取：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

pipeline.py

"""

# Define your item pipelines here

#

# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting

# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html

from twisted.enterprise import adbapi

from pymysql import cursors

class JianshuSpiderPipeline(object):

def __init__(self, conn):

self.conn = conn

self.conn.update({'cursorclass':cursors.DictCursor})

print('===========>',self.conn)

self.dbpool = adbapi.ConnectionPool('pymysql', **self.conn)

self._sql = None

@classmethod

def from_crawler(cls, crawler):#创建对象读取配置文件

conn_info = crawler.settings.get('DB')

return cls(conn_info)

@property

def sql(self):

if not self._sql:

# self._sql = """insert into article(id, title, content, article_id, author, origin_url, avatar) values(null, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s，%s)"""

self._sql = """insert into article(id, title, content, article_id, author, origin_url) values(null, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"""

return self._sql

def process_item(self, item, spider):

defer = self.dbpool.runInteraction(self._insert_item, item)

defer.addErrback(self._handle_error, item, spider)

return item #交给下一个pipeline

# from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

# raise DropItem()#丢弃(信号可以捕捉到)，不给下一个pipeline

def _insert_item(self, cursor, item):

params = (item['title'],

item['content'],

item['article_id'],

item['author'],

item['origin_url']

)

cursor.execute(self.sql, params)

def _handle_error(self, failue, item, spider):

print('failue=====>', failue)

def open_spider(self, spider):

pass

def close_spider(self, spider):

pass

下面是setting配置文件，里面有部分配置的注释

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for jianshu_spider project

#

# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or

# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:

#

# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html

# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html

# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'jianshu_spider'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['jianshu_spider.spiders']

NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'jianshu_spider.spiders'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent

#USER_AGENT = 'jianshu_spider (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules

#ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)

#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 #最大发送请求数量，，默认16

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay

# See also autothrottle settings and docs

DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3 #访问频率控制(s)

# The download delay setting will honor only one of:

#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16每个域名最多发送请求数量

#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16每个ip并发数量

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)

#COOKIES_ENABLED = False请求携带cookie

#COOKIES_DEBUG = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)

#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False#监听爬虫当前状态和指标，开始暂停等

# Override the default request headers:

DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {

'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',

'Accept-Language': 'en',

'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36'

}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {

# 'jianshu_spider.middlewares.JianshuSpiderSpiderMiddleware': 543,

#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html

#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {

# 'jianshu_spider.middlewares.JianshuSpiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543,

#}

# Configure item pipelines

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html

ITEM_PIPELINES = {

'jianshu_spider.pipelines.JianshuSpiderPipeline': 300,

}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html

#智能模拟请求，限速

#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True

# The initial download delay

#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5

# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies

#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60

# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to

# each remote server

#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0

# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:

#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings

#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True启用缓存(这个地方可以自定义)

#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0#超时时间

#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'#缓存目录

#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []#忽略的状态码

#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'#所有请求都缓存

#定义爬取深度

DEPTH_LIMIT = 2

DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0#广度或者深度优先

#自定义去重方式

#默认方式DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy.dupefilters.RFPDupeFilter"

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "jianshu_spider.duplication.RepeatFilter"

##########DB setting ############

DB = { #key务必大写

'host': '127.0.0.1',

'port': 3306,

'user' : 'root',

'password' : 'pwd',

'database' : 'jianshu',

'charset' : 'utf8'

}

##########扩展钩子################

# from scrapy.extensions import telnet 扩展实例

# from scrapy import signals 扩展汇总

# EXTENSIONS={

# 'jianshu_spider.extensions.MyExtend':300

# }

# Enable or disable extensions

# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html

#EXTENSIONS = {

# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,

#}

这里自定义了一个去重的方式，主要是为了学习这里去重的原理，自定义去重后需要在配置文件定义

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""

dont_filter=False 默认基于内存或者文件去重

from scrapy.dupefilters import RFPDupeFilter

自定义去重也可以基于数据库操作

open:可以加入数据库操作

close:关闭数据库操作

"""

from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter

class RepeatFilter(BaseDupeFilter):

"""Request Fingerprint duplicates filter"""

def __init__(self):

self.visited_set = set()

@classmethod

def from_settings(cls, settings):

return cls()

def request_seen(self, request):

if request.url in self.visited_set:

return True

self.visited_set.add(request.url)

return False

def open(self):

pass

def close(self, reason):

pass

启动爬虫，可以看到数据库已经开始存入数据：