介绍计算机硬件的英语作文,电脑各部分英文介绍

构成

不论何种计算机，它们都是由硬件和软件所组成，两者是不可分割的。人们把没有安装任何软件的计算机称为裸机。

硬件

计算机系统中所使用的电子线路和物理设备，是看得见、摸得着的实体，如中央处理器( CPU )、存储器、外部设备(输入输出设备、I／O设备)及总线等。

①存储器。主要功能是存放程序和数据，程序是计算机操作的依据，数据是计算机操作的对象。存储器是由存储体、地址译码器 、读写控制电路、地址总线和数据总线组成。能由中央处理器直接随机存取指令和数据的存储器称为主存储器，磁盘、磁带、光盘等大容量存储器称为外存储器(或辅助存储器) 。由主存储器、外部存储器和相应的软件，组成计算机的存储系统。

②中央处理器的主要功能是根据存储器内的程序 ，逐条地执行程序所指定的操作。中央处理器的主要组成部分是：数据寄存器、指令寄存器、指令译码器、算术逻辑部件、操作控制器、程序计数器(指令地址计数器 )、地址寄存器等。

③外部设备是用户与机器之间的桥梁。输入设备的任务是把用户要求计算机处理的数据、字符、文字、图形和程序等各种形式的信息转换为计算机所能接受的编码形式存入到计算机内。输出设备的任务是把计算机的处理结果以用户需要的形式(如屏幕显示、文字打印、图形图表、语言音响等)输出。输入输出接口是外部设备与中央处理器之间的缓冲装置，负责电气性能的匹配和信息格式的转换。

软件

对能使计算机硬件系统顺利和有效工作的程序集合的总称。程序总是要通过某种物理介质来存储和表示的 ，它们是磁盘、磁带、程序纸、穿孔卡等，但软件并不是指这些物理介质，而是指那些看不见、摸不着的程序本身。可靠的计算机硬件如同一个人的强壮体魄，有效的软件如同一个人的聪颖思维。

计算机的软件系统可分为系统软件和应用软件两部分。系统软件是负责对整个计算机系统资源的管理、调度、监视和服务。应用软件是指各个不同领域的用户为各自的需要而开发的各种应用程序。计算机软件系统包括：

①操作系统 :系统软件的核心，它负责对计算机系统内各种软、硬资源的管理、控制和监视。

②数据库管理系统:负责对计算机系统内全部文件、资料和数据的管理和共享。

③编译系统:负责把用户用高级语言所编写的源程序编译成机器所能理解和执行的机器语言。

④网络系统:负责对计算机系统的网络资源进行组织和管理，使得在多台独立的计算机间能进行相互的资源共享和通信。

⑤标准程序库:按标准格式所编写的一些程序的集合，这些标准程序包括求解初等函数、线性方程组、常微分方程、数值积分等计算程序。

⑥服务性程序:也称实用程序。为增强计算机系统的服务功能而提供的各种程序 ，包括对用户程序的装置、连接、编辑、查错、纠错、诊断等功能。为了使计算机能算得快和准、记得多和牢，数十年来，对提高单机中的中央处理器的处理速度和精度，对提高存储器的存取速度和容量作了许多改进，如：增加运算器的基本字长和提高运算器的精度；增加新的数据类型，或对数据进行自定义，使数据带有标志符，用以区别指令和数，及说明数据类型；在 CPU 内增设通用寄存器、采用变址寄存器、增加间接寻址功能和增设高速缓冲存储器和采用堆栈技术；采用存储器交叉存取技术及虚拟存储器技术；采用指令流水线和运算流水线；采用多个功能部件和增设协处理器等。

constitute

Regardless of the computer, they are composed by the hardware and software, both are inseparable. People do not install any software LuoJi called the computer.

Hardware,

The computer system by use of electronic circuits and physical equipment, is almost tangible entities, such as the central processing unit (CPU), storage, an external device (input/output devices, I/O devices) and bus, etc.

1 the memory. Main function is to store programs and data, computer operating procedure is the basis, the data is computer operation. Memory is by memory address decoder, literacy control circuit, the address bus and the data bus. Can directly by the central processor instructions and data of random access memory, disk storage says primarily, magnetic tape, etc big storage called external storage (or auxiliary storage). By the main memory, and the external memory and the corresponding software, computer storage system.

2 CPU's main function is according to the procedures within the memory, headed to execution procedures specified operating. The main part of the central processor are: data registers, instruction decoder instructions registers, and arithmetic logic unit, operating controller, the program counter (instructions address counter), address register, etc.

3 external devices is a bridge between the user and the machine. The task is to input device user requirements of computer data processing, characters, words, graphics and the procedure of various forms of information is converted to accept the deposit to the computer code forms. Output device's mission is to put the computer processing results to the needs of users (such as screen printing, text, graphics, audio etc) diagram output. Input/output interface is external devices and the central processor, between the buffering devices of the electrical properties of matching and information format conversion.

Software,

Can make computer hardware systems to work effectively and successfully set the floorboard of the program. Program will always come through a physical medium storage and said, they are disks, tapes, procedures, a punch card, but the software does not mean the physical media, but those who see and touch the program itself. Reliable computer hardware like a personal strong physique, effective software as an individual's smart thinking.

Computer software system can be divided into system software and application software. System software is responsible for the entire computer system resources management, scheduling, surveillance and service. Application software refers to various fields of users for their needs and the development of various applications. Computer software system includes:

Operating system: (1) the system software, it is responsible for all computer systems in soft and hard resources management, control and monitoring.

The database management system (2) : responsible for all computer system documents, materials and data management and sharing.

3 the compilation system: be responsible for compiling language users with advanced the source program compiled into the machine can understand and implement machine language.

4 for computer network system: responsible for the system network resources organization and management, in more independent of each other between the computer can perform the resources sharing and communication.

5 standard library: according to a standard format written procedures set, the standard procedures including solve elementary function, linear equations, the differential equation of numerical integration, etc.

6 service program: also called utility. In order to enhance the service function of the computer system and provide all kinds of programs, including the user program of devices, connection, editing, and error correction, diagnosis, etc. In order to make the computer can calculate fast and accurate, and remember, for decades, to improve the treatment of single CPU speed and precision, to improve memory access speed and capacity for many improvements, such as the basic unit: word length and improve precision of the unit, Add new data types of data, or custom, the data that distinguish with symbol, and instruction and data types;, The CPU adding general-purpose registers, increased by address register, indirect addressing function and add cache and adopts the stack technology, Using interleaved memory technology and virtual storage technology, Using command line and operation line, Using multiple functional components and add coprocessor etc.

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