The right escape sequence is '\"' ( back slash + doublequote).
The following datapump export statement will work OK :
$ expdp schemas='\".\"' directory=dp_dir dumpfile=.dmp
Export: Release11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 17 04:57:10 2016Copyright (c)1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Username:/ assysdba
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release11.2.0.4.0 -64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Starting"SYS"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01": /******** AS SYSDBA schemas=\".\" directory=dp_dir dumpfile=.dmp
Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 0 KB
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
. . exported "."."TEST" 0 KB 0 rows
Master table "SYS"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for SYS.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is:
/tmp/.dmp
Job "SYS"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully completed at Wed Aug 17 04:57:46 2016 elapsed 0 00:00:31