linux中d4B啥意思,Linux基础命令(四)

做业一：

1) 开启Linux系统前添加一块大小为15G的SCSI硬盘html

[root@bogon ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0002d1bd

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 2099200 41943039 19921920 8e Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/mapper/cl-root: 18.2 GB, 18249416704 bytes, 35643392 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/mapper/cl-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

2)开启系统，右击桌面，打开终端node

没图形。python

3)为新加的硬盘分区，一个主分区大小为5G，剩余空间给扩展分区，在扩展分区上划分1个逻辑分区，大小为5Glinux

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0cddc761

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 10487808 31457279 10484736 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 10489856 20975615 5242880 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

4)格式化主分区为ext3系统sql

[root@bogon ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks

65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280

40 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

5)将逻辑分区设置为交换分区shell

[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb5

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 5242876 KiB

no label, UUID=3d0072cf-8902-44c3-b13b-6c4373a130a5

6)启用上一步的交换分区centos

[root@bogon ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb5

7)查看交换分区的状态缓存

[root@bogon ~]# swapon -s

Filename Type Size Used Priority

/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1

/dev/sdb5 partition 5242876 0 -2

做业二：free命令查看内存app

[root@bogon ~]# free

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 999936 147480 675052 7064 177404 680612

Swap: 7340024 0 7340024

整理buffer与cache的做用ide

Cache：缓存区，是高速缓存，是位于CPU和主内存之间的容量较小但速度很快的存储器，由于CPU的速度远远高于主内存的速度，CPU从内存中读取数据需等待很长的时间，而 Cache保存着CPU刚用过的数据或循环使用的部分数据，这时从Cache中读取数据会更快，减小了CPU等待的时间，提升了系统的性能。

Cache并非缓存文件的，而是缓存块的(块是I/O读写最小的单元)；Cache通常会用在I/O请求上，若是多个进程要访问某个文件，能够把此文件读入Cache中，这样下一个进程获取CPU控制权并访问此文件直接从Cache读取，提升系统性能。

Buffer：缓冲区，用于存储速度不一样步的设备或优先级不一样的设备之间传输数据；经过buffer能够减小进程间通讯须要等待的时间，当存储速度快的设备与存储速度慢的设备进行通讯时，存储慢的数据先把数据存放到buffer，达到必定程度存储快的设备再读取buffer的数据，在此期间存储快的设备CPU能够干其余的事情。

Buffer：通常是用在写入磁盘的，例如：某个进程要求多个字段被读入，当全部要求的字段被读入以前已经读入的字段会先放到buffer中。

计算真实的内存使用率

used/total=内存使用率

147480/9999936=0.1474894393241167

做业三：dd命令测试硬盘速度

[root@bogon ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/luchuangao.txt bs=2M count=2

2+0 records in

2+0 records out

4194304 bytes (4.2 MB) copied, 0.015345 s, 273 MB/s

做业四：查找一个名为firewall的进程，而且将其强制杀死

[root@bogon ~]# ps aux | grep firewall

root 626 0.0 2.6 327200 26332 ? Ssl 15:27 0:01 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

root 2376 0.0 0.0 112648 960 pts/0 R+ 16:01 0:00 grep --color=auto firewall

[root@bogon ~]# pkill -9 firewall

做业五：rpm命令

1)挂载光盘文件到/media目录

[root@bogon ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/

mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

2)进去/media目录下的Packages目录

[root@bogon ~]# cd /media/Packages/

3)查看系统已安装的全部rpm包

[root@bogon Packages]# rpm -qa

4)查看系统是否安装dhcp软件包

[root@bogon ~]# rpm -qa | grep dhcp

dhcp-libs-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64

dhcp-common-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64

5)安装dhcp软件包

[root@bogon ~]# yum install dhcp -y

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.yun-idc.com

* epel: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos base 511 k

Transaction Summary

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 511 k

Installed size: 1.4 M

Downloading packages:

dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm | 511 kB 00:00:04

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos

Complete!

6)查看dhcp软件包的信息

[root@bogon ~]#rpm -qi dhcp

Name : dhcp

Epoch : 12

Version : 4.2.5

Release : 47.el7.centos

Architecture: x86_64

Install Date: Fri 17 Mar 2017 03:58:04 PM CST

Group : System Environment/Daemons

Size : 1452668

License : ISC

Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 21 Nov 2016 01:32:14 AM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5

Source RPM : dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.src.rpm

Build Date : Tue 15 Nov 2016 01:54:04 AM CST

Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org

Relocations : (not relocatable)

Packager : CentOS BuildSystem

Vendor : CentOS

URL : http://isc.org/products/DHCP/

Summary : Dynamic host configuration protocol software

Description :

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol which allows

individual devices on an IP network to get their own network

configuration information (IP address, subnetmask, broadcast address,

etc.) from a DHCP server. The overall purpose of DHCP is to make it

easier to administer a large network.

To use DHCP on your network, install a DHCP service (or relay agent),

and on clients run a DHCP client daemon. The dhcp package provides

the ISC DHCP service and relay agent.

7)查看dhcp软件包中所包含的全部文件

[root@bogon ~]# rpm -ql dhcp

/etc/NetworkManager

/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d

/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/12-dhcpd

/etc/dhcp

/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

/etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf

/etc/openldap/schema/dhcp.schema

/etc/sysconfig/dhcpd

/usr/bin/omshell

/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service

/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd6.service

/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcrelay.service

/usr/sbin/dhcpd

/usr/sbin/dhcrelay

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd6.conf.example

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/README.ldap

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/dhcp.schema

/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/dhcpd-conf-to-ldap

/usr/share/man/man1/omshell.1.gz

/usr/share/man/man5/dhcpd.conf.5.gz

/usr/share/man/man5/dhcpd.leases.5.gz

/usr/share/man/man8/dhcpd.8.gz

/usr/share/man/man8/dhcrelay.8.gz

/usr/share/systemtap/tapset/dhcpd.stp

/var/lib/dhcpd

/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases

/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd6.leases

8)查看/bin/ls文件是由哪一个软件包产生

[root@bogon ~]# rpm -qf /bin/ls

coreutils-8.22-18.el7.x86_64

9)卸载dhcp软件包

[root@bogon ~]# yum erase dhcp -y

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos will be erased

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Removing:

dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos @base 1.4 M

Transaction Summary

=======================================================================================================================================================================

Remove 1 Package

Installed size: 1.4 M

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Erasing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Removed:

dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos

Complete!

做业六：yum命令

1) 自定义yum仓库：createrepo

[root@bogon ~]# yum install createrepo -y

[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /luchuangao

[root@bogon ~]# cp /rpm_bak/base/packages/httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm /luchuangao/

[root@bogon ~]# createrepo /luchuangao/

Spawning worker 0 with 1 pkgs

Workers Finished

Saving Primary metadata

Saving file lists metadata

Saving other metadata

Generating sqlite DBs

Sqlite DBs complete

2) 自定义repo文件

[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# cat httpd.repo

[local]

name=local repo

baseurl=file:///luchuangao

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

[root@bogon yum.repos.d]#

3) 使用yum命令安装httpd软件包

[root@bogon ~]# yum install httpd -y

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

================================================================================================

Installing:

httpd x86_64 2.4.6-45.el7.centos local 2.7 M

Transaction Summary

================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 2.7 M

Installed size: 9.4 M

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos

Complete!

[root@bogon ~]#

4) 卸载httpd软件包：yum –y remove 软件名

[root@bogon ~]# yum remove httpd -y

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos will be erased

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

================================================================================================

Removing:

httpd x86_64 2.4.6-45.el7.centos @local 9.4 M

Transaction Summary

================================================================================================

Remove 1 Package

Installed size: 9.4 M

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Erasing : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1

Removed:

httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos

Complete!

[root@bogon ~]#

5)使用yum安装组件'KDE 桌面'：yum –y groupinstall 组件名

[root@bogon ~]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Installed Groups:

Development Tools

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@bogon ~]#

[root@bogon ~]# yum groupinstall "KDE Plasma Workspaces" -y

6)掌握使用yum删除组件‘KDE 桌面’:yum –y groupremove 组件名

[root@bogon ~]# yum groupremove "KDE Plasma Workspaces" -y

7)掌握清除yum缓存：yum clean all

[root@bogon ~]# yum clean all

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Cleaning repos: httpd local

Cleaning up everything

Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

[root@bogon ~]#

8) 使用yum查找软件包：yum search 软件包名

[root@bogon ~]# yum search vsftpd

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

httpd | 2.9 kB 00:00:00

local | 3.6 kB 00:00:00

(1/3): httpd/primary_db | 3.3 kB 00:00:00

(2/3): local/group_gz | 155 kB 00:00:00

(3/3): local/primary_db | 3.0 MB 00:00:00

Determining fastest mirrors

===================================== N/S matched: vsftpd ======================================

vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon

Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

做业六：源码安装python

[root@bogon ~]# yum install zlib-devel -y

[root@bogon ~]# tar -xf Python-3.6.0

[root@bogon ~]# cd Python-3.6.0

[root@bogon Python-3.6.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3.6

[root@bogon Python-3.6.0]# make && make install

[root@bogon ~]# echo 'PATH=/usr/local/python3.6/bin:$PATH' >>/etc/profile

[root@bogon ~]# tail -1 /etc/profile

PATH=/usr/local/python3.6/bin:$PATH

[root@bogon ~]# source /etc/profile

[root@bogon ~]# python3.6

Python 3.6.0 (default, Mar 17 2017, 16:47:55)

[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11)] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

[root@bogon ~]#

参考连接：http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/6045600.html#_label16

补充：

ls命令执行过程

ls--------->shell---------->PATH---------->/usr/bin/ls--------->alias

杀死后台进程

[root@bogon shell]# jobs

[1]+ Running ./test.sh &

[root@bogon shell]# kill -9 %1

[root@bogon shell]#

[1]+ Killed ./test.sh