mysql 10万级join_关于MySQL LEFT JOIN 你需要了解的

即使你认为自己已对 MySQL 的 LEFT JOIN 理解深刻,这篇文章肯定能让你学会点东西！

ON 子句与 WHERE 子句的不同

一种更好地理解带有 WHERE … IS NULL 子句的复杂匹配条件的简单方法

Matching-Conditions 与 Where-conditions 的不同

关于 “A LEFT JOIN B ON 条件表达式” 的一点提醒

ON 条件(“A LEFT JOIN B ON 条件表达式”中的ON)用来决定如何从 B 表中检索数据行。

如果 B 表中没有任何一行数据匹配 ON 的条件,将会额外生成一行所有列为 NULL 的数据

在匹配阶段 WHERE 子句的条件都不会被使用。仅在匹配阶段完成以后，WHERE 子句条件才会被使用。它将从匹配阶段产生的数据中检索过滤。

让我们看一个 LFET JOIN 示例

mysql> CREATE TABLE `product` (

`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,

`amount` int(10) unsigned default NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

mysql> CREATE TABLE `product_details` (

`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,

`weight` int(10) unsigned default NULL,

`exist` int(10) unsigned default NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

mysql> INSERT INTO product (id,amount)

VALUES (1,100),(2,200),(3,300),(4,400);

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> INSERT INTO product_details (id,weight,exist)

VALUES (2,22,0),(4,44,1),(5,55,0),(6,66,1);

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM product;

+----+--------+

| id | amount |

+----+--------+

| 1 | 100 |

| 2 | 200 |

| 3 | 300 |

| 4 | 400 |

+----+--------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product_details;

+----+--------+-------+

| id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+-------+

| 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 4 | 44 | 1 |

| 5 | 55 | 0 |

| 6 | 66 | 1 |

+----+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON (product.id = product_details.id);

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | 4 | 44 | 1 |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ON 子句和 WHERE 子句有什么不同？

一个问题：下面两个查询的结果集有什么不同么？

用例子来理解最好不过了

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON (product.id = product_details.id)

AND product_details.id=2;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON (product.id = product_details.id)

WHERE product_details.id=2;

+----+--------+----+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+----+--------+-------+

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

+----+--------+----+--------+-------+

1 row in set (0.01 sec)

第一条查询使用 ON 条件决定了从 LEFT JOIN的 product_details表中检索符合的所有数据行。

第二条查询做了简单的LEFT JOIN，然后使用 WHERE 子句从 LEFT JOIN的数据中过滤掉不符合条件的数据行。

再来看一些示例：

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON product.id = product_details.id

AND product.amount=100;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

所有来自product表的数据行都被检索到了，但没有在product_details表中匹配到记录(product.id = product_details.id AND product.amount=100 条件并没有匹配到任何数据)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON (product.id = product_details.id)

AND product.amount=200;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details

ON (product.id = product_details.id)

AND product.amount=200;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

看看下面的示例:

mysql> SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id AND b.weight!=44 AND b.exist=0

WHERE b.id IS NULL;

+----+--------+

| id | amount |

+----+--------+

| 1 | 100 |

| 3 | 300 |

| 4 | 400 |

+----+--------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

让我们检查一下 ON 匹配子句：

(a.id=b.id) AND (b.weight!=44) AND (b.exist=0)

我们可以把 IS NULL 子句 看作是否定匹配条件。

这意味着我们将检索到以下行：

!( exist(b.id that equals to a.id) AND b.weight !=44 AND b.exist=0 )

!exist(b.id that equals to a.id) || !(b.weight !=44) || !(b.exist=0)

!exist(b.id that equals to a.id) || b.weight =44 || b.exist=1

就像在C语言中的逻辑 AND 和 逻辑 OR表达式一样，其操作数是从左到右求值的。如果第一个参数做够判断操作结果，那么第二个参数便不会被计算求值(短路效果)

看看别的示例：

mysql> SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id AND b.weight!=44 AND b.exist=1

WHERE b.id IS NULL;

+----+--------+

| id | amount |

+----+--------+

| 1 | 100 |

| 2 | 200 |

| 3 | 300 |

| 4 | 400 |

+----+--------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Matching-Conditions 与 Where-conditions 之战

如果你吧基本的查询条件放在 ON 子句中，把剩下的否定条件放在 WHERE 子句中，那么你会获得相同的结果。

例如，你可以不这样写：

SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id AND b.weight!=44 AND b.exist=0

WHERE b.id IS NULL;

你可以这样写：

SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id

WHERE b.id is null OR b.weight=44 OR b.exist=1;

mysql> SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id

WHERE b.id is null OR b.weight=44 OR b.exist=1;

+—-+——–+

| id | amount |

+—-+——–+

|  1 |    100 |

|  3 |    300 |

|  4 |    400 |

+—-+——–+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

你可以不这样写：

SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id AND b.weight!=44 AND b.exist!=0

WHERE b.id IS NULL;

可以这样写：

SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id

WHERE b.id is null OR b.weight=44 OR b.exist=0;

mysql> SELECT a.* FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id

WHERE b.id is null OR b.weight=44 OR b.exist=0;

+—-+——–+

| id | amount |

+—-+——–+

|  1 |    100 |

|  2 |    200 |

|  3 |    300 |

|  4 |    400 |

+—-+——–+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

这些查询真的效果一样？

如果你只需要第一个表中的数据的话，这些查询会返回相同的结果集。有一种情况就是，如果你从 LEFT JOIN的表中检索数据时，查询的结果就不同了。

如前所属，WHERE 子句是在匹配阶段之后用来过滤的。

例如：

mysql> SELECT * FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id AND b.weight!=44 AND b.exist=1

WHERE b.id is null;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM product a LEFT JOIN product_details b

ON a.id=b.id

WHERE b.id IS NULL OR b.weight=44 OR b.exist=0;

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| id | amount | id | weight | exist |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

| 1 | 100 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 2 | 200 | 2 | 22 | 0 |

| 3 | 300 | NULL | NULL | NULL |

| 4 | 400 | 4 | 44 | 1 |

+----+--------+------+--------+-------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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