linux逐行比较两个文件,comm（逐行比较两个排序的文件）_语法_示例_Unix&Linux命令_uc电脑园官网...

Let's say you have two text files, recipe.txt and shopping-list.txt.

recipe.txt contains these lines:

All-Purpose Flour

Baking Soda

Bread

Brown Sugar

Chocolate Chips

Eggs

Milk

Salt

Vanilla Extract

White Sugar

And shopping-list.txt contains these lines:

All-Purpose Flour

Bread

Brown Sugar

Chicken Salad

Chocolate Chips

Eggs

Milk

Onions

Pickles

Potato Chips

Soda Pop

Tomatoes

White Sugar

As you can see, the two files are different, but many of the lines are the same. Not all of the recipe ingredients are on the shopping list, and not everything on the shopping list is part of the recipe.

If we run the comm command on the two files, it will read both files and give us three columns of output:

comm recipe.txt shopping-list.txt

All-Purpose Flour

Baking Soda

Bread

Brown Sugar

Chicken Salad

Chocolate Chips

Eggs

Milk

Onions

Pickles

Potato Chips

Salt

Soda Pop

Tomatoes

Vanilla Extract

White Sugar

Here, each line of output has either zero, one, or two tabs at the beginning, separating the output into three columns:

The first column (zero tabs) is lines that only appear in the first file.

The second column (one tab) is lines that only appear in the second file.

The third column (two tabs) is lines that appear in both files.

(The columns overlap visually because in this case, our terminal prints a tab as eight spaces. It might look different on your screen.)

Next, let's look at how we can bring our separated data into a spreadsheet.

Creating a CSV file for spreadsheets

One useful way to use comm is to output to a CSV file, which can then be read by a spreadsheet program. CSV files are just text files that use a certain character, usually a comma, tab, or semicolon, to delimit data in a way that can be read as a spreadsheet. By convention, CSV file names have the extension .csv.

For instance, let's run the same command, but this time let's redirect the output to a file called output.csv by using the > operator:

comm recipe.txt shopping-list.txt > output.csv

This time there is no output on the screen. Instead, output is sent to a file called output.csv. To check that it worked correctly, we can cat the contents of output.csv:

cat output.csv

All-Purpose Flour

Baking Soda

Bread

Brown Sugar

Chicken Salad

Chocolate Chips

Eggs

Milk

Onions

Pickles

Potato Chips

Salt

Soda Pop

Tomatoes

Vanilla Extract

White Sugar

To bring this data into a spreadsheet, we can open it in LibreOffice Calc.

Before it opens the file, LibreOffice asks us how to interpret the file data.

We want the column delimiter to be tab characters, which is already checked by default. (There are no commas or semicolons in our data, so we don't have to worry about the other checkboxes.) It also gives us a preview of how the data will look, given the options we selected.

Everything looks good, so we can click OK, and LibreOffice will import our data into a spreadsheet.

Now if we wanted to, we could save the spreadsheet in another format such as a Microsoft Excel file, or an XML file, or even HTML.

Suppressing columns

If you only want to output specific columns, you can specify the column numbers to suppress in the command, preceded by a dash. For instance, this command will suppress columns 1 and 2, displaying only column 3 — lines shared by both files. This isolates the items on the shopping list that are also part of the recipe:

comm -12 recipe.txt shopping-list.txt

All-Purpose Flour

Bread

Brown Sugar

Chocolate Chips

Eggs

Milk

White Sugar

The next command will suppress columns 2 and 3, displaying only column 1 — lines in the recipe that are not in the shopping list. This shows us what ingredients we already have in our cupboard:

comm -23 recipe.txt shopping-list.txt

Baking Soda

Salt

Vanilla Extract

And the next command will suppress column 3, displaying only columns 1 and 2 — the items in the recipe that are not on the shopping list, and the items on the shopping list that are not in the recipe, each in their own column.

comm -3 recipe.txt shopping-list.txt

Baking Soda

Chicken Salad

Onions

Pickles

Potato Chips

Salt

Soda Pop

Tomatoes

Vanilla Extract