kivy 021 2048游戏解析

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import curses
from random import randrange, choice  # generate and place new tile
from collections import defaultdict

#它以一个字符（长度为1的字符串）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值
letter_codes = [ord(ch) for ch in 'WASDRQwasdrq']
# print(letter_codes)所有的有效输入都可以转换为
#"上，下，左，右，游戏重置，退出"这六种行为
#dict(zip(['one', 'two', 'three'], [1, 2, 3]))   # 映射函数方式来构造字典
#{'three': 3, 'two': 2, 'one': 1} 
actions = ['Up', 'Left', 'Down', 'Right', 'Restart', 'Exit']
actions_dict = dict(zip(letter_codes, actions * 2))


# print(actions_dict)
#阻塞＋循环，直到获得用户有效输入才返回对应行为
def get_user_action(keyboard):
    char = 'N'
    while char not in actions_dict:
        # 返回按下键的 ascii 码值
        char = keyboard.getch()

    return actions_dict[char]


def transpose(field):
    return [list(row) for row in zip(*field)]


def invert(field):
    return [row[::-1] for row in field]

#初始化棋盘的参数，可以指定棋盘的高和宽以及
#游戏胜利条件，默认是最经典的 4x4 ～ 2048
class GameField(object):
    def __init__(self, height=4, width=4, win=2048):
        self.height = height       # 高
        self.width = width         # 宽
        self.win_value = win       # 过关分数
        self.score = 0             # 当前分数
        self.highscore = 0         # 最高分
        self.reset()               # 棋盘重置

    #重置棋盘
    def reset(self):
        if self.score > self.highscore:
            self.highscore = self.score
        self.score = 0
        # # 初始化游戏开始界面,它的主要作用是将棋盘所有位置元素复原为 0，
        #然后再在随机位置生成游戏初始的数值。
        self.field = [[0 for i in range(self.width)] for j in range(self.height)]
        self.spawn()#随机生成2，4，生成
        self.spawn()

    def move(self, direction):
        def move_row_left(row):
            def tighten(row):  # # 先将非零的元素全拿出来加入到新列表
                new_row = [i for i in row if i != 0]
                ## 按照原列表的大小，给新列表后面补零
                new_row += [0 for i in range(len(row) - len(new_row))]
                return new_row

            #'''对邻近元素进行合并'''
            def merge(row):
                pair = False
                new_row = []
                for i in range(len(row)):
                    if pair:
                        ## 合并后，加入乘 2 后的元素在 0 元素后面
                        new_row.append(2 * row[i])
                        self.score += 2 * row[i]
                        pair = False
                    else:
                        if i + 1 < len(row) and row[i] == row[i + 1]:
                            pair = True
                            new_row.append(0)
                        else:
                            new_row.append(row[i])
                assert len(new_row) == len(row)
                return new_row

            return tighten(merge(tighten(row)))

        moves = {}
        moves['Left'] = lambda field: [move_row_left(row) for row in field]
        moves['Right'] = lambda field: invert(moves['Left'](invert(field)))
        moves['Up'] = lambda field: transpose(moves['Left'](transpose(field)))
        moves['Down'] = lambda field: transpose(moves['Right'](transpose(field)))

        if direction in moves:
            if self.move_is_possible(direction):
                self.field = moves[direction](self.field)
                self.spawn()
                return True
            else:
                return False

    def is_win(self):
        return any(any(i >= self.win_value for i in row) for row in self.field)

    def is_gameover(self):
        return not any(self.move_is_possible(move) for move in actions)

    def draw(self, screen):
        help_string1 = '(W)Up (S)Down (A)Left (D)Right'
        help_string2 = '     (R)Restart (Q)Exit'
        gameover_string = '           GAME OVER'
        win_string = '          YOU WIN!'

        def cast(string):
            screen.addstr(string + '\n')

        def draw_hor_separator():
            line = '+' + ('+------' * self.width + '+')[1:]
            separator = defaultdict(lambda: line)
            if not hasattr(draw_hor_separator, "counter"):
                draw_hor_separator.counter = 0
            cast(separator[draw_hor_separator.counter])
            draw_hor_separator.counter += 1

        def draw_row(row):
            cast(''.join('|{: ^5} '.format(num) if num > 0 else '|      ' for num in row) + '|')

        screen.clear()
        cast('SCORE: ' + str(self.score))
        if 0 != self.highscore:
            cast('HIGHSCORE: ' + str(self.highscore))
        for row in self.field:
            draw_hor_separator()
            draw_row(row)
        draw_hor_separator()
        if self.is_win():
            cast(win_string)
        else:
            if self.is_gameover():
                cast(gameover_string)
            else:
                cast(help_string1)
        cast(help_string2)

#随机生成一个 2 或者 4
    def spawn(self):
        new_element = 4 if randrange(100) > 89 else 2
        (i, j) = choice([(i, j) for i in range(self.width) for j in range(self.height) if self.field[i][j] == 0])
        self.field[i][j] = new_element

    def move_is_possible(self, direction):
        def row_is_left_movable(row):
            def change(i):  # true if there'll be change in i-th tile
                if row[i] == 0 and row[i + 1] != 0:  # Move
                    return True
                if row[i] != 0 and row[i + 1] == row[i]:  # Merge
                    return True
                return False

            return any(change(i) for i in range(len(row) - 1))

        check = {}
        check['Left'] = lambda field: \
            any(row_is_left_movable(row) for row in field)

        check['Right'] = lambda field: \
            check['Left'](invert(field))

        check['Up'] = lambda field: \
            check['Left'](transpose(field))

        check['Down'] = lambda field: \
            check['Right'](transpose(field))

        if direction in check:
            return check[direction](self.field)
        else:
            return False


def main(stdscr):
    def init():
        # 重置游戏棋盘
        game_field.reset()
        return 'Game'

    #not_game函数表示的是游戏结束时的状态,游戏结束时，只有胜利和失败两种结果。
    def not_game(state):
        # 画出 GameOver 或者 Win 的界面
        # 怎么画出的
        game_field.draw(stdscr)
        # 读取用户输入得到action，判断是重启游戏还是结束游戏
        #
        action = get_user_action(stdscr)
        responses = defaultdict(lambda: state)  # 默认是当前状态，没有行为就会一直在当前界面循环
        responses['Restart'], responses['Exit'] = 'Init', 'Exit'  # 对应不同的行为转换到不同的状态
        return responses[action]

#game函数表示的是游戏进行时的状态，
#在不重新开始或退出的情况下，只要游戏没有胜利或失败
    def game():
        # 画出当前棋盘状态
        game_field.draw(stdscr)
        # 读取用户输入得到action
        action = get_user_action(stdscr)

        if action == 'Restart':
            return 'Init'
        if action == 'Exit':
            return 'Exit'
        if game_field.move(action):  # move successful
            if game_field.is_win():
                return 'Win'
            if game_field.is_gameover():
                return 'Gameover'
        return 'Game'

#state 存储当前状态， state_actions 这个词典变量作为状态转换的规则，
#它的 key 是状态，value 是返回下一个状态的函数：
#状态机循环，
    state_actions = {
        'Init': init,
        'Win': lambda: not_game('Win'),
        'Gameover': lambda: not_game('Gameover'),
        'Game': game
        #'exit':exit
    }

    curses.use_default_colors()

    # 设置终结状态最大数值为 32
    game_field = GameField(win=32)

    state = 'Init'

    # 状态机开始循环
    while state != 'Exit':
        state = state_actions[state]()


curses.wrapper(main)