TAIL(1)

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TAIL(1)                 User Commands                   TAIL(1)



NAME
       tail - output the last part of files

SYNOPSIS
       tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Print  the  last     10  lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file  name.      With
       no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

       Mandatory  arguments  to     long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.

       -c, --bytes=K
          output the last K bytes; alternatively,  use  -c    +K  to    output
          bytes starting with the Kth of each file

       -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
          output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --fol-
          low=descriptor are equivalent

       -F     same as --follow=name --retry

       -n, --lines=K
          output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
          output lines starting with the Kth

       --max-unchanged-stats=N
          with  --follow=name,  reopen  a  FILE which has not changed size
          after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or
          renamed  (this  is  the  usual case of rotated log files).  With
          inotify, this option is rarely useful.

       --pid=PID
          with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

       -q, --quiet, --silent
          never output headers giving file names

       --retry
          keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessi-
          ble; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

       -s, --sleep-interval=N
          with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between
          iterations.

          With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least once every  N
          seconds.

       -v, --verbose
          always output headers giving file names

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
          output version information and exit

       If  the    first  character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a ‘+’,
       print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each     file,    other-
       wise,  print  the  last    K  items in the file.  K may have a multiplier
       suffix: b  512,    kB  1000,  K  1024,  MB     1000*1000,  M    1024*1024,  GB
       1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

       With  --follow  (-f),  tail  defaults to following the file descriptor,
       which means that even if a tail’ed file is renamed, tail will  continue
       to  track  its  end.   This  default behavior is not desirable when you
       really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descrip-
       tor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes
       tail to track the named file  in     a  way     that  accommodates  renaming,
       removal and creation.

AUTHOR
       Written    by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Mey-
       ering.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report tail bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
       Report tail translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.     License  GPLv3+:  GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is     free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for tail is maintained as a Texinfo manual.   If
       the  info  and  tail  programs are properly installed at your site, the
       command

          info coreutils 'tail invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.4           June 2012                   TAIL(1)

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