SQL的的行列倒置已经不是新知识了,但在博主的技术咨询期间,仍发现其实有很多人并不了解这块,所以在此专门写一篇博客记录。本文将以Mysql为例,并以数据采集指标信息获取为例子。在下面的例子,你可以在sqlfiddle运行。
首先我们需要创建数据库Schema:
CREATE TABLE Chart
(`createTime` DateTime, `kpi` varchar(30), `field` varchar(30), `value` double);
INSERT INTO Chart
(`createTime`,`kpi`, `field`, `value`)
VALUES
("2015-02-01 12:00:00", 'disk', 'disk', 20),
("2015-02-01 12:15:00", 'disk', 'disk', 30),
("2015-02-01 12:20:00", 'disk', 'disk', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:30:00", 'disk', 'disk', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:35:00", 'disk', 'disk', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:40:00", 'disk', 'disk', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:00:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 20),
("2015-02-01 12:20:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 30),
("2015-02-01 12:25:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:30:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:35:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:40:00", 'disk', 'disk-all', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:40:00", 'cpu', 'cpu-all', 25),
("2015-02-01 12:40:00", 'cpu', 'cpu', 25)
;
在这里字段分别代表:createTime = 数据采集时间,kpi = 数据采集指标,field = 作为指标的小类(一个kpi可以包含多个field),value = 采集的数据
当我们创建好了数据结构,下面因为我们希望获取出所有的 固定时间范围内的特定kpi的数据,注意因为可能一个kpi中的多个field,但是某些field漏采了部分时间的数据,所以这里我们需要补充异常点0. 并由于EChart这类图表库,希望我们输入的是横轴和纵轴为两个独立的数组对象表示。所以我们需要如下:
option = {
....
xAxis : [
{
type : 'category',
boundaryGap : false,
data : ['周一','周二','周三','周四','周五','周六','周日']
}
],
yAxis : [
{
type : 'value',
axisLabel : {
formatter: '{value} °C'
}
}
],
series : [
{
....
data:[11, 11, 15, 13, 12, 13, 10]
},
{
....
data:[11, 11, 15, 13, 12, 13, 10]
}
]
};
取出横轴比较容易,如下:
SELECT createTime,kpi, field, value FROM Chart WHERE kpi = 'disk' and (createTime BETWEEN '2015-02-01 12:00:00' AND '2015-02-01 12:25:00');
但是纵轴如果我们以同样方式取出,可能存在需要我们自动程序补值,并且需要保证每项数据和横轴对应,所以我们的程序处理会比较复杂,如下:
SELECT createTime,kpi, field, value FROM Chart WHERE kpi = 'disk' and (createTime BETWEEN '2015-02-01 12:00:00' AND '2015-02-01 12:25:00');
结果为:
createTime kpi field value
February, 01 2015 12:00:00 disk disk 20
February, 01 2015 12:15:00 disk disk 30
February, 01 2015 12:20:00 disk disk 25
February, 01 2015 12:00:00 disk disk-all 20
February, 01 2015 12:20:00 disk disk-all 30
February, 01 2015 12:25:00 disk disk-all 25
有没有其他方案更佳的呢?当然那就是本文要说的sql的倒置,如果我们能够把返回数据转换为如下:
field ‘2015-02-01 12:00:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:15:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:20:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:25:00’
disk 20 30 25 0
disk-all 20 0 30 25
那么程序就很好处理了。在上面我们已经能够取出所有的横轴数据并排序,接下来我们将可以很简单的做到行列倒置:如下:
SELECT field,
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:00:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:00:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:15:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:15:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:20:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:20:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:25:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:25:00'
FROM Chart
WHERE kpi = 'disk' and (createTime BETWEEN '2015-02-01 12:00:00' AND '2015-02-01 12:25:00')
GROUP BY field
这样返回数据满足我们的需求了。
下面我们来分析下这句SQL,
- 首先我们利用‘IF(createTime = ‘2015-02-01 12:00:00’, value, 0)’来处理插值,并对每行数据转为以时间为列数据,并可以利用IF来补’0‘,将会如下:
SQL:
SELECT field,
IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:00:00', value, 0) as '2015-02-01 12:00:00',
IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:15:00', value, 0) as '2015-02-01 12:15:00',
IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:20:00', value, 0) as '2015-02-01 12:20:00',
IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:25:00', value, 0) as '2015-02-01 12:25:00'
FROM Chart
WHERE kpi = 'disk' and (createTime BETWEEN '2015-02-01 12:00:00' AND '2015-02-01 12:25:00');
结果为:
field ‘2015-02-01 12:00:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:15:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:20:00’ ‘2015-02-01 12:25:00’
disk 20 0 0 0
disk 0 30 0 0
disk 0 0 25 0
disk-all 20 0 0 0
disk-all 0 0 30 0
disk-all 0 0 0 25
- 这下我们就可以利用sql的聚合函数sum和group by来聚合数据行:
SQL:
SELECT field,
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:00:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:00:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:15:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:15:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:20:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:20:00',
SUM(IF(createTime = '2015-02-01 12:25:00', value, 0)) as '2015-02-01 12:25:00'
FROM Chart
WHERE kpi = 'disk' and (createTime BETWEEN '2015-02-01 12:00:00' AND '2015-02-01 12:25:00')
GROUP BY field
效果如上。
对于sql行列转置可以简述为分为两部分:
- 利用条件逻辑(mysql: IF, sql server: case … when(sql server 2005开始支持数据透视表pivot) ..)将 需要倒置的数据变为列。
- 利用聚合函数(sum、max、min…)group by 合并数据。这里需要注意max、min需要注意数据的边界,如存在负数且默认值采用0,那么max就会存在问题,所以一般sum是最安全的(任何数加0都不会改变结果);但对于特定场景max、min也是安全方案。