标签
PostgreSQL , unlogged table , 批量 , dblink
背景
批量导入数据，怎样能挖掘出系统的比较极限的潜能？
瓶颈通常在哪里?
1、WAL lock
2、INDEX lock
3、EXTEND LOCK
4、autovacuum 干扰
因此最好的方法就是排除以上问题，例如
1、使用多表，解决单表EXTEND LOCK问题
2、使用unlogged table(异常时会丢失数据，切记仅限场景使用)多表，解决WAL LOCK问题
3、不使用索引，解决INDEX LOCK问题
4、导入时不使用autovacuum，解决autovacuum干扰问题
基本上可以挖掘出机器的最大潜力。
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 43 - (OLTP+OLAP) unlogged table 含索引多表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 42 - (OLTP+OLAP) unlogged table 不含索引多表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 41 - (OLTP+OLAP) 含索引多表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 40 - (OLTP+OLAP) 不含索引多表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 39 - (OLTP+OLAP) 含索引多表单点写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 38 - (OLTP+OLAP) 不含索引多表单点写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 37 - (OLTP+OLAP) 含索引单表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 36 - (OLTP+OLAP) 不含索引单表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 35 - (OLTP+OLAP) 含索引单表单点写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 34 - (OLTP+OLAP) 不含索引单表单点写入》
单表测试
1、创建测试表
postgres=# create unlogged table ut(c1 int8) with (autovacuum_enabled=off, toast.autovacuum_enabled=off);
CREATE TABLE
Time: 12.723 ms
2、生成1亿数据
postgres=# insert into ut select generate_series(1,100000000);
INSERT 0 100000000
Time: 43378.465 ms (00:43.378)
postgres=# copy ut to '/data01/pg/ut.csv';
COPY 100000000
Time: 20292.684 ms (00:20.293)
# ll -ht /data01/pg/ut.csv
-rw-r--r-- 1 digoal digoal 848M Apr 27 22:02 /data01/pg/ut.csv
3、创建插件
create extension dblink;
4、创建重复建立连接不报错的函数
create or replace function dis_conn(name) returns void as $$
declare
begin
perform dblink_disconnect($1);
return;
exception when others then
return;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
create or replace function conn(
name, -- dblink名字
text -- 连接串,URL
) returns void as $$
declare
begin
perform dis_conn($1);
perform dblink_connect($1, $2);
return;
exception when others then
return;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
5、创建测试函数，调用dblink，56个并发同时写单个表
create or replace function get_res() returns setof record as $$
declare
begin
for i in 0..55 loop
perform conn('link'||i, 'hostaddr=127.0.0.1 port='||current_setting('port')||' user=postgres dbname=postgres');
perform 1 from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
perform dblink_send_query('link'||i, format('copy ut from %L', '/data01/pg/ut.csv'));
end loop;
for i in 0..55 loop
return query select * from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
end loop;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
6、测试
\timing
select * from get_res() as t(id int);
7、观测锁等待，都在单表的扩展BLOCK上。
postgres=# select wait_event_type, wait_event, count(*) from pg_stat_activity where wait_event is not null group by 1,2;
wait_event_type | wait_event | count
-----------------+---------------------+-------
Activity | WalWriterMain | 1
Lock | extend | 55
Activity | LogicalLauncherMain | 1
Activity | BgWriterMain | 1
Activity | CheckpointerMain | 1
Activity | AutoVacuumMain | 1
IO | DataFileWrite | 1
(7 rows)
src/include/storage/lock.h
/*
* LOCKTAG is the key information needed to look up a LOCK item in the
* lock hashtable. A LOCKTAG value uniquely identifies a lockable object.
*
* The LockTagType enum defines the different kinds of objects we can lock.
* We can handle up to 256 different LockTagTypes.
*/
typedef enum LockTagType
{
LOCKTAG_RELATION, /* whole relation */
/* ID info for a relation is DB OID + REL OID; DB OID = 0 if shared */
LOCKTAG_RELATION_EXTEND, /* the right to extend a relation */
/* same ID info as RELATION */
LOCKTAG_PAGE, /* one page of a relation */
/* ID info for a page is RELATION info + BlockNumber */
LOCKTAG_TUPLE, /* one physical tuple */
/* ID info for a tuple is PAGE info + OffsetNumber */
LOCKTAG_TRANSACTION, /* transaction (for waiting for xact done) */
/* ID info for a transaction is its TransactionId */
LOCKTAG_VIRTUALTRANSACTION, /* virtual transaction (ditto) */
/* ID info for a virtual transaction is its VirtualTransactionId */
LOCKTAG_SPECULATIVE_TOKEN, /* speculative insertion Xid and token */
/* ID info for a transaction is its TransactionId */
LOCKTAG_OBJECT, /* non-relation database object */
/* ID info for an object is DB OID + CLASS OID + OBJECT OID + SUBID */
/*
* Note: object ID has same representation as in pg_depend and
* pg_description, but notice that we are constraining SUBID to 16 bits.
* Also, we use DB OID = 0 for shared objects such as tablespaces.
*/
LOCKTAG_USERLOCK, /* reserved for old contrib/userlock code */
LOCKTAG_ADVISORY /* advisory user locks */
} LockTagType;
8、观察 iotop，写入速度625MB/s
Total DISK READ : 15.46 K/s | Total DISK WRITE : 625.28 M/s
Actual DISK READ: 15.46 K/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 620.88 M/s
TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND
12574 be/4 digoal 7.73 K/s 30.95 M/s 0.00 % 14.23 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58722) COPY
16198 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 61.84 K/s 0.00 % 4.55 % postgres: stats collector process
12524 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.36 % [kworker/u112:2]
12590 be/4 digoal 3.87 K/s 36.13 M/s 0.00 % 4.05 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58754) COPY
12579 be/4 digoal 3.87 K/s 52.75 M/s 0.00 % 3.24 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58732) COPY
27166 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.02 % [kworker/39:2]
12589 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 30.92 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58752) COPY waiting
12569 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 56.44 M/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58712) COPY waiting
12607 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 51.55 M/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58788) COPY waiting
12556 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.59 M/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58686) COPY waiting
12610 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58794) COPY waiting
12586 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58746) COPY waiting
12576 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 26.20 M/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58726) COPY waiting
12601 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58776) COPY waiting
12591 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 61.84 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58756) COPY waiting
12593 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58760) COPY waiting
12603 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 30.92 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58780) COPY waiting
12604 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58782) COPY waiting
12605 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58784) COPY waiting
12600 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 27.90 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58774) COPY waiting
12562 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58698) COPY waiting
12561 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58696) COPY waiting
12572 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 61.99 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58718) COPY
12557 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58688) COPY waiting
12588 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 30.95 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58750) COPY waiting
12585 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 26.69 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58744) COPY waiting
12587 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 1298.69 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58748) COPY waiting
12575 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58724) COPY waiting
12555 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 16.97 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58684) COPY waiting
12584 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 30.98 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58742) COPY waiting
12578 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 9.72 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58730) COPY waiting
12595 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58764) COPY waiting
12609 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 14.62 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58792) COPY waiting
12565 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58704) COPY waiting
12597 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58768) COPY waiting
12596 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 8.52 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58766) COPY waiting
12567 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 30.95 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58708) COPY waiting
12568 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 76.46 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58710) COPY waiting
12577 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 6.10 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58728) COPY waiting
12581 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 61.84 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58736) COPY waiting
12583 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 7.31 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58740) COPY waiting
多表测试
1、创建多表
do language plpgsql $$
declare
begin
for i in 0..55 loop
execute format('drop table if exists ut%s', i);
execute format('create unlogged table ut%s (like ut) with (autovacuum_enabled=off, toast.autovacuum_enabled=off)', i);
end loop;
end;
$$;
2、修改写入函数，每个异步调用写入一张独立表
create or replace function get_res() returns setof record as $$
declare
begin
for i in 0..55 loop
perform conn('link'||i, 'hostaddr=127.0.0.1 port='||current_setting('port')||' user=postgres dbname=postgres');
perform 1 from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
perform dblink_send_query('link'||i, format('copy ut%s from %L', i, '/data01/pg/ut.csv'));
end loop;
for i in 0..55 loop
return query select * from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
end loop;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
3、测试
\timing
select * from get_res() as t(id int);
Time: 457688.440 ms (07:37.688)
4、观察锁，变成了数据文件扩展锁，而不是多会话争抢的扩展BLOCK锁。
postgres=# select wait_event_type, wait_event, count(*) from pg_stat_activity where wait_event is not null group by 1,2;
wait_event_type | wait_event | count
-----------------+---------------------+-------
Activity | WalWriterMain | 1
Activity | LogicalLauncherMain | 1
IO | DataFileExtend | 55
Activity | BgWriterMain | 1
Activity | CheckpointerMain | 1
Activity | AutoVacuumMain | 1
(6 rows)
5、观察iotop ，写入速度达到了1098MB/s
Total DISK READ : 3.85 K/s | Total DISK WRITE : 1098.74 M/s
Actual DISK READ: 3.85 K/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 1096.81 M/s
TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND
13584 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.69 M/s 0.00 % 84.78 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58926) COPY
13629 be/4 digoal 3.85 K/s 18.20 M/s 0.00 % 84.68 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59016) COPY
13612 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.26 M/s 0.00 % 84.64 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58982) COPY
13622 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.38 M/s 0.00 % 84.54 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59002) COPY
13582 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.28 M/s 0.00 % 84.51 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58922) COPY
13585 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.08 M/s 0.00 % 84.46 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58928) COPY
13597 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.60 M/s 0.00 % 84.38 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58952) COPY
13602 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.00 M/s 0.00 % 84.33 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58962) COPY
13605 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.88 M/s 0.00 % 84.28 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58968) COPY
13607 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.73 M/s 0.00 % 84.28 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58972) COPY
13631 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.90 M/s 0.00 % 84.27 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59020) COPY
13581 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.65 M/s 0.00 % 84.25 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58920) COPY
13633 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.93 M/s 0.00 % 84.22 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59024) COPY
13589 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.87 M/s 0.00 % 84.15 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58936) COPY
13601 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.03 M/s 0.00 % 84.06 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58960) COPY
13610 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.83 M/s 0.00 % 84.04 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58978) COPY
13609 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.44 M/s 0.00 % 84.03 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58976) COPY
13588 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.09 M/s 0.00 % 83.94 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58934) COPY
13619 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.70 M/s 0.00 % 83.90 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58996) COPY
13580 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.56 M/s 0.00 % 83.89 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58918) COPY
13630 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.03 M/s 0.00 % 83.87 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59018) COPY
13625 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.03 M/s 0.00 % 83.82 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59008) COPY
13624 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.96 M/s 0.00 % 83.80 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59006) COPY
13579 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.29 M/s 0.00 % 83.77 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58916) COPY
13613 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.45 M/s 0.00 % 83.76 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58984) COPY
13608 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.76 M/s 0.00 % 83.75 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58974) COPY
13617 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.07 M/s 0.00 % 83.74 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58992) COPY
13611 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.53 M/s 0.00 % 83.69 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58980) COPY
13590 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.45 M/s 0.00 % 83.63 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58938) COPY
13593 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.30 M/s 0.00 % 83.63 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58944) COPY
13592 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.99 M/s 0.00 % 83.63 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58942) COPY
13594 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.33 M/s 0.00 % 83.63 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58946) COPY
13620 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.13 M/s 0.00 % 83.62 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58998) COPY
13578 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.89 M/s 0.00 % 83.62 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58914) COPY
13598 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.66 M/s 0.00 % 83.60 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58954) COPY
13596 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.58 M/s 0.00 % 83.50 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58950) COPY
13623 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.63 M/s 0.00 % 83.49 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59004) COPY
13618 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.89 M/s 0.00 % 83.43 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58994) COPY
13591 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.94 M/s 0.00 % 83.43 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58940) COPY
13595 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.81 M/s 0.00 % 83.39 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58948) COPY
13621 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.94 M/s 0.00 % 83.36 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59000) COPY
13615 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.34 M/s 0.00 % 83.28 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58988) COPY
13614 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.59 M/s 0.00 % 83.27 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58986) COPY
13599 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 18.60 M/s 0.00 % 83.26 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58956) COPY
13626 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 21.10 M/s 0.00 % 83.16 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59010) COPY
13604 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.62 M/s 0.00 % 83.05 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58966) COPY
13627 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.44 M/s 0.00 % 82.94 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59012) COPY
13603 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.69 M/s 0.00 % 82.91 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58964) COPY
13587 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.30 M/s 0.00 % 82.91 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58932) COPY
13628 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.24 M/s 0.00 % 82.65 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(59014) COPY
13616 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 19.89 M/s 0.00 % 82.62 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58990) COPY
13606 be/4 digoal 0.00 B/s 20.26 M/s 0.00 % 82.55 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(58970) COPY
6、导入完成后，创建索引，开启autovacuum.
create or replace function set_tbl() returns setof record as $$
declare
begin
for i in 0..55 loop
perform conn('link'||i, 'hostaddr=127.0.0.1 port='||current_setting('port')||' user=postgres dbname=postgres');
perform 1 from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
perform dblink_send_query('link'||i, format('alter table ut%s set (autovacuum_enabled=on, toast.autovacuum_enabled=on)', i));
end loop;
for i in 0..55 loop
return query select * from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
end loop;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
create or replace function crt_idx_tbl() returns setof record as $$
declare
begin
for i in 0..55 loop
perform conn('link'||i, 'hostaddr=127.0.0.1 port='||current_setting('port')||' user=postgres dbname=postgres');
perform 1 from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
perform dblink_send_query('link'||i, format('create index idx_ut%s_1 on ut%s (c1)', i, i));
end loop;
for i in 0..55 loop
return query select * from dblink_get_result('link'||i) as t(res text);
end loop;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
\timing
select * from set_tbl() as t(res text);
select * from crt_idx_tbl() as t(res text);
小结
本文介绍了如何非常快速的导入数据到数据库中，使得硬件的能力得以发挥。在阿里云ECS上，采用PostgreSQL实现了每分钟约导入8亿记录的效果。
有兴趣的同学可以拿阿里云RDS PG，RDS PPAS 10试一试。
参考
《阿里云 RDS PostgreSQL 隐藏开关 - hash to btree, unlogged to logged》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 43 - (OLTP+OLAP) unlogged table 含索引多表批量写入》
《HTAP数据库 PostgreSQL 场景与性能测试之 42 - (OLTP+OLAP) unlogged table 不含索引多表批量写入》
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