在这里,我还是希望对lib中的其他一些接口(工具函数)进行相关分析与介绍。
snprintf.h和snprintf.c文件(字符串格式化函数)
下面是两个文件的源代码:
/*snprintf.h --------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifndef HAVE_SNPRINTF
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int snprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...);
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_SNPRINTF */
#endif /* SNPRINTF_H */
/*snprintf.c ----------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_SNPRINTF
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include "snprintf.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int snprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...) {
int n;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
vsprintf(buf, fmt, ap); /* Sigh, some vsprintf's return ptr, not length */
n = strlen(buf);
va_end(ap);
if ( n >= size ) {
printf( "snprintf: overflowed array\n" );
exit(1);
}
return(n);
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_SNPRINTF */
首先,为什么要单独写一个snprintf函数,而不直接用sprintf函数?
sprintf函数简介:
sprintf:字符串格式化命令,主要功能是把格式化的数据写入某个字符串中。sprintf 是个变参函数。
功能:把格式化的数据写入某个字符串缓冲区。
头文件:stdio.h
原型:int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format, [argument] … );
参数列表
buffer:char型指针,指向将要写入的字符串的缓冲区。
format:格式化字符串。
[argument]...:可选参数,可以是任何类型的数据。
返回值:字符串长度(strlen)
源代码作者在阐述自己的看法时认为,snprintf函数比sprintf函数更加安全一些,它可以检测溢出问题。
再则,我想对snprintf函数中的可选参数格式进行一些简要介绍:
当无法列出传递函数的所有实参的类型和数目时,C语言提出可用省略号指定参数表。如:
void foo(...);
void foo(parm_list,...);
函数参数的传递原理:
函数参数是以数据结构中的栈的形式存取,从右至左依次入栈。
对于如何获取省略号表示的参数,这里采用va_list的方法:
VA_LIST 是在C语言中解决变参问题的一组宏,在<stdarg.h>头文件下。
va_list ap; //声明一个变量来转换参数列表
va_start(ap,fmt); //初始化变量
va_end(ap); //结束变量列表,和va_start成对使用
VA_LIST的用法:
(1)在函数里定义一具VA_LIST型的变量,这个变量是指向参数的指针;
(2)用VA_START宏初始化变量刚定义的VA_LIST变量,这个宏的第二个参数是第一个可变参数的前一个参数,是一个固定的参数(如在运行VA_START(ap,fmt)以后,ap指向第一个可变参数在堆栈的地址);
(3)用VA_ARG返回可变的参数,VA_ARG的第二个参数是你要返回的参数的类型,VA_ARG返回参数列表中的当前参数并使ap指向参数列表中的下一个参数;
(4)用VA_END宏结束可变参数的获取。然后你就可以在函数里使用第二个参数了。如果函数有多个可变参数的,依次调用VA_ARG获取各个参数。
对于sprintf,printf,以及vsprintf的区别,可以参考:http://blog.csdn.net/anye3000/article/details/6593551
那么,snprintf函数究竟是实现什么功能呢?一句话,将变量fmt准确地传递到buff缓冲区中。
gettimeofday.h和gettimeofday.c(时间获取函数)
下面是两个文件的源代码:
/*gettimeofday.h*/
#ifndef GETTIMEOFDAY_H
#define GETTIMEOFDAY_H
#ifndef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int gettimeofday( struct timeval* tv, void* timezone );
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY */
#endif /* GETTIMEOFDAY_H */
/*gettimeofday.c*/
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
#include "headers.h"
#include "gettimeofday.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int gettimeofday( struct timeval* tv, void* timezone ) {
FILETIME time;
double timed;
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime( &time );
// Apparently Win32 has units of 1e-7 sec (tenths of microsecs)
// 4294967296 is 2^32, to shift high word over
// 11644473600 is the number of seconds between
// the Win32 epoch 1601-Jan-01 and the Unix epoch 1970-Jan-01
// Tests found floating point to be 10x faster than 64bit int math.
timed = ((time.dwHighDateTime * 4294967296e-7) - 11644473600.0) +
(time.dwLowDateTime * 1e-7);
tv->tv_sec = (long) timed;
tv->tv_usec = (long) ((timed - tv->tv_sec) * 1e6);
return 0;
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY */
在gettimeofday函数实现源代码中,用到了一个名为tv(timeval)的结构体,timeval结构体的定义(time.h)如下:
struct timeval
{
__time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds. */
__suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds. */
};
其中,tv_sec为"the Win32 epoch 1601-Jan-01 and the Unix epoch 1970-Jan-01"到创建struct timeval时的秒数,tv_usec为微秒数,即秒后面的零头。
gettimeofday()功能是得到当前时间和时区,分别写到tv和timezone中,如果timezone为NULL则不向timezone写入(显然上述源代码void *timezone为空)。
string.c和stdio.c:
这两个文件主要设置了相关字符处理函数,同时能各进行一些数据格式的转化(主要涉及到G-M-K等方面的转化)。
string.c :(内容见注释)
#include "headers.h"
#include "util.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* pattern
*
* Initialize the buffer with a pattern of (index mod 10).
* 按照给定的方法对一个缓冲区进行初始化工作
* 具体的初始化方式为:Buffer中的值为index%10,即buffer="0123456789......"
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void pattern( char *outBuf, int inBytes ) {
assert( outBuf != NULL );
while ( inBytes-- > 0 ) {
outBuf[ inBytes ] = (inBytes % 10) + '0';
}
} /* end pattern */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* replace( text, length, replacement )
*
* replaces text[ 0..length-1 ] with replacement, shifting
* text[ length.. ] so it is not lost in any way.
* 代换(替代):将text的从0开始的length长度的字符串替换为replacement内容,text的length
* 以上的内容通过移位不会丢失。
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void replace( char *position, int poslen, const char *replacement ) {
int orig_len = strlen( position );
int repl_len = strlen( replacement );
/* void *memmove( void* dest, const void* src, size_t count );
* memmove用于从src拷贝count个字符到dest,如果目标区域和源区域有重叠的话,
* memmove能够保证源串在被覆盖之前将重叠区域的字节拷贝到目标区域中。但复制后
* src内容会被更改。但是当目标区域与源区域没有重叠则和memcpy函数功能相同。*/
/* move memory from (position + poslen) down to (position + repl_len).
* remember the null terminating byte! */
memmove( position + repl_len, position + poslen, orig_len - poslen + 1 );
/* Put in replacement string */
memcpy( position, replacement, repl_len );
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* concat( destination, length, source )
*
* Similar to strcat, but will not overwrite the bounds of dest
* and will *always* terminate dest (unlike strncat).
* 与strcat函数比较相似,source和destination区域不能有重叠,实现的功能是将
* source接写到destination后,不过与strncat不一样的是,当接续到destination后,
* 同时超出destination内存边界是,接续过程便会终结。
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
char *concat( char *dest, int len, const char *src ) {
char *s = dest;
char *end = dest + len;
/* make s point to the end (terminating null) of s1 */
while ( *s != '\0' )
s++;
/* copy characters until end (before terminating null) of src,
* or end of dest buffer */
while ( *src != '\0' ) {
*s++ = *src++;
if ( s >= end ) {
s--; /* back up one for terminating null */
break;
}
}
/* null terminate */
*s = '\0';
return dest;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* copy( destination, length, source )
*
* Similar to strcpy, but will not overwrite the bounds of dest
* and will *always* terminate dest (unlike strncpy).
* 其内容与上述concat功能相似,只是此为复制,上面的为接续。
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
char *copy( char *dest, int len, const char *src ) {
char *s = dest;
char *end = dest + len;
/* copy characters until end (before terminating null) of src,
* or end of dest buffer */
while ( *src != '\0' ) {
*s++ = *src++;
if ( s >= end ) {
s--; /* back up one for terminating null */
break;
}
}
/* null terminate */
*s = '\0';
return dest;
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
stdio.c :(内容见注释)
#include "headers.h"
#include "util.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
const long kKilo_to_Unit = 1024;
const long kMega_to_Unit = 1024 * 1024;
const long kGiga_to_Unit = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
const long kkilo_to_Unit = 1000;
const long kmega_to_Unit = 1000 * 1000;
const long kgiga_to_Unit = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* byte_atof
*
* Given a string of form #x where # is a number and x is a format
* character listed below, this returns the interpreted float.
* Gg, Mm, Kk are giga, mega, kilo respectively
* byte_atof函数实现的是对形如3M的#x字符串进行分析,同时输出相应比例数值(double型)
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
double byte_atof( const char *inString ) {
double theNum;
char suffix = '\0';
assert( inString != NULL );
/* scan the number and any suffices */
sscanf( inString, "%lf%c", &theNum, &suffix );
/* convert according to [Gg Mm Kk] */
switch ( suffix ) {
case 'G': theNum *= kGiga_to_Unit; break;
case 'M': theNum *= kMega_to_Unit; break;
case 'K': theNum *= kKilo_to_Unit; break;
case 'g': theNum *= kgiga_to_Unit; break;
case 'm': theNum *= kmega_to_Unit; break;
case 'k': theNum *= kkilo_to_Unit; break;
default: break;
}
return theNum;
} /* end byte_atof */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* byte_atoi
*
* Given a string of form #x where # is a number and x is a format
* character listed below, this returns the interpreted integer.
* Gg, Mm, Kk are giga, mega, kilo respectively
* byte_atof函数实现的是对形如3M的#x字符串进行分析,同时输出相应比例数值(int型)
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
int byte_atoi( const char *inString ) {
double theNum;
char suffix = '\0';
assert( inString != NULL );
/* scan the number and any suffices */
sscanf( inString, "%lf%c", &theNum, &suffix );
/* convert according to [Gg Mm Kk] */
switch ( suffix ) {
case 'G': theNum *= kGiga_to_Unit; break;
case 'M': theNum *= kMega_to_Unit; break;
case 'K': theNum *= kKilo_to_Unit; break;
case 'g': theNum *= kgiga_to_Unit; break;
case 'm': theNum *= kmega_to_Unit; break;
case 'k': theNum *= kkilo_to_Unit; break;
default: break;
}
return (int) theNum;
} /* end byte_atof */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* constants for byte_printf
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* used as indices into kConversion[], kLabel_Byte[], and kLabel_bit[] */
enum {
kConv_Unit,
kConv_Kilo,
kConv_Mega,
kConv_Giga
};
/* factor to multiply the number by */
const double kConversion[] =
{
1.0, /* unit */
1.0 / 1024, /* kilo */
1.0 / 1024 / 1024, /* mega */
1.0 / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 /* giga */
};
/* factor to multiply the number by for bits*/
const double kConversionForBits[] =
{
1.0, /* unit */
1.0 / 1000, /* kilo */
1.0 / 1000 / 1000, /* mega */
1.0 / 1000 / 1000 / 1000 /* giga */
};
/* labels for Byte formats [KMG] */
const char* kLabel_Byte[] =
{
"Byte",
"KByte",
"MByte",
"GByte"
};
/* labels for bit formats [kmg] */
const char* kLabel_bit[] =
{
"bit",
"Kbit",
"Mbit",
"Gbit"
};
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* byte_snprintf
*
* Given a number in bytes and a format, converts the number and
* prints it out with a bits or bytes label.
* B, K, M, G, A for Byte, Kbyte, Mbyte, Gbyte, adaptive byte
* b, k, m, g, a for bit, Kbit, Mbit, Gbit, adaptive bit
* adaptive picks the "best" one based on the number.
* outString should be at least 11 chars long
* (4 digits + space + 5 chars max + null)
* 根据格式及数值输出相应的形如3M的字符串(与上面的相反)
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void byte_snprintf( char* outString, int inLen,
double inNum, char inFormat ) {
int conv;
const char* suffix;
const char* format;
/* convert to bits for [bkmga] */
if ( ! isupper( (int)inFormat ) ) {
inNum *= 8;
}
switch ( toupper(inFormat) ) {
case 'B': conv = kConv_Unit; break;
case 'K': conv = kConv_Kilo; break;
case 'M': conv = kConv_Mega; break;
case 'G': conv = kConv_Giga; break;
default:
case 'A': {
double tmpNum = inNum;
conv = kConv_Unit;
if ( isupper((int)inFormat) ) {
while ( tmpNum >= 1024.0 && conv <= kConv_Giga ) {
tmpNum /= 1024.0;
conv++;
}
} else {
while ( tmpNum >= 1000.0 && conv <= kConv_Giga ) {
tmpNum /= 1000.0;
conv++;
}
}
break;
}
}
if ( ! isupper ((int)inFormat) ) {
inNum *= kConversionForBits[ conv ];
suffix = kLabel_bit[conv];
} else {
inNum *= kConversion [conv];
suffix = kLabel_Byte[ conv ];
}
/* print such that we always fit in 4 places */
if ( inNum < 9.995 ) { /* 9.995 would be rounded to 10.0 */
format = "%4.2f %s"; /* ##.# */
} else if ( inNum < 99.95 ) { /* 99.995 would be rounded to 100 */
format = "%4.1f %s";
} else {
format = "%4.0f %s"; /* #### */
}
snprintf( outString, inLen, format, inNum, suffix );
} /* end byte_snprintf */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
* redirect
*
* redirect the stdout into a specified file
* return: none
* 重定向输出文件名
* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void redirect(const char *inOutputFileName) {
#ifdef WIN32
FILE *fp;
if ( inOutputFileName == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr, "should specify the output file name.\n");
return;
}
fp = freopen(inOutputFileName, "a+", stdout);
if ( fp == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr, "redirect stdout failed!\n");
return;
}
#endif
return;
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif