在 SRCEXTS 中指定程序中使用的文件类型。C/C++ 程序的扩展名一般有比较固定的几种形式:.c、.C、.cc、.cpp、.CPP、.c++、.cp、或者.cxx(参见 man gcc)。扩展名决定了程序是 C 还是 C++ 程序:.c 是 C 程序,其它扩展名表示 C++ 程序。一般固定使用其中的一种扩展名即可。但是也有可能需要使用多种扩展名,这可以在 SOURCE_EXT 中一一指定,各个扩展名之间用空格分隔。
虽然并不常用,但是 C 程序也可以被作为 C++ 程序编译。这可以通过在 Makefile 中设置 CC = $(CXX) 和 CFLAGS = $(CXXFLAGS) 两项即可实现。
这个 Makefile 支持 C、C++ 以及 C/C++ 混合三种编译方式:
如果只指定 .c 扩展名,那么这是一个 C 程序,用 $(CC) 表示的编译命令进行编译和连接。
如果指定的是除 .c 之外的其它扩展名(如 .cc、.cpp、.cxx 等),那么这是一个 C++ 程序,用 $(CXX) 进行编译和连接。
如果既指定了 .c,又指定了其它 C++ 扩展名,那么这是 C/C++ 混合程序,将用 $(CC) 编译其中的 C 程序,用 $(CXX) 编译其中的 C++ 程序,最后再用 $(CXX) 连接程序。
这些工作都是 make 根据在 Makefile 中提供的程序文件类型(扩展名)自动判断进行的,不需要用户干预。
###############################################################################
#
# Generic Makefile for C/C++ Program
#
# Author: whyglinux (whyglinux AT hotmail DOT com)
# Date: 2006/03/04
# Description:
# The makefile searches in <SRCDIRS> directories for the source files
# with extensions specified in <SOURCE_EXT>, then compiles the sources
# and finally produces the <PROGRAM>, the executable file, by linking
# the objectives.
# Usage:
# $ make compile and link the program.
# $ make objs compile only (no linking. Rarely used).
# $ make clean clean the objectives and dependencies.
# $ make cleanall clean the objectives, dependencies and executable.
# $ make rebuild rebuild the program. The same as make clean && make all.
#==============================================================================
## Customizing Section: adjust the following if necessary.
##=============================================================================
# The executable file name.
# It must be specified.
# PROGRAM := a.out # the executable name
PROGRAM :=
# The directories in which source files reside.
# At least one path should be specified.
# SRCDIRS := . # current directory
SRCDIRS :=
# The source file types (headers excluded).
# At least one type should be specified.
# The valid suffixes are among of .c, .C, .cc, .cpp, .CPP, .c++, .cp, or .cxx.
# SRCEXTS := .c # C program
# SRCEXTS := .cpp # C++ program
# SRCEXTS := .c .cpp # C/C++ program
SRCEXTS :=
# The flags used by the cpp (man cpp for more).
# CPPFLAGS := -Wall -Werror # show all warnings and take them as errors
CPPFLAGS :=
# The compiling flags used only for C.
# If it is a C++ program, no need to set these flags.
# If it is a C and C++ merging program, set these flags for the C parts.
CFLAGS :=
CFLAGS +=
# The compiling flags used only for C++.
# If it is a C program, no need to set these flags.
# If it is a C and C++ merging program, set these flags for the C++ parts.
CXXFLAGS :=
CXXFLAGS +=
# The library and the link options ( C and C++ common).
LDFLAGS :=
LDFLAGS +=
## Implict Section: change the following only when necessary.
##=============================================================================
# The C program compiler. Uncomment it to specify yours explicitly.
#CC = gcc
# The C++ program compiler. Uncomment it to specify yours explicitly.
#CXX = g++
# Uncomment the 2 lines to compile C programs as C++ ones.
#CC = $(CXX)
#CFLAGS = $(CXXFLAGS)
# The command used to delete file.
#RM = rm -f
## Stable Section: usually no need to be changed. But you can add more.
##=============================================================================
SHELL = /bin/sh
SOURCES = $(foreach d,$(SRCDIRS),$(wildcard $(addprefix $(d)/*,$(SRCEXTS))))
OBJS = $(foreach x,$(SRCEXTS), /
$(patsubst %$(x),%.o,$(filter %$(x),$(SOURCES))))
DEPS = $(patsubst %.o,%.d,$(OBJS))
.PHONY : all objs clean cleanall rebuild
all : $(PROGRAM)
# Rules for creating the dependency files (.d).
#---------------------------------------------------
%.d : %.c
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.C
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.cc
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.cpp
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.CPP
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.c++
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.cp
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.d : %.cxx
@$(CC) -MM -MD $(CXXFLAGS) $<
# Rules for producing the objects.
#---------------------------------------------------
objs : $(OBJS)
%.o : %.c
$(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.C
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.cc
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.cpp
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.CPP
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.c++
$(CXX -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.cp
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
%.o : %.cxx
$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
# Rules for producing the executable.
#----------------------------------------------
$(PROGRAM) : $(OBJS)
ifeq ($(strip $(SRCEXTS)), .c) # C file
$(CC) -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJS) $(LDFLAGS)
else # C++ file
$(CXX) -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJS) $(LDFLAGS)
endif
-include $(DEPS)
rebuild: clean all
clean :
@$(RM) *.o *.d
cleanall: clean
@$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(PROGRAM).exe
### End of the Makefile ## Suggestions are welcome ## All rights reserved ###
###############################################################################
下面提供两个例子来具体说明上面 Makefile 的用法。
例一 Hello World 程序
这个程序的功能是输出 Hello, world! 这样一行文字。由 hello.h、hello.c、main.cxx 三个文件组成。前两个文件是 C 程序,后一个是 C++ 程序,因此这是一个 C 和 C++ 混编程序。