Lua5.3 注册表 _G _ENV
来源:http://blog.csdn.net/murisly/article/details/46518551
注册表的描述,借用PIL中的一段话:
registry 一直位于一个由 LUA_REGISTRYINDEX 定义的值所对应的假索引(pseudo-index)的位置。一个假索引除了他对应的值不在栈中之外,其他都类似于栈中的索引。Lua API 中大部分接受索引作为参数的函数,也都可以接受假索引作为参数—除了那些操作栈本身的函数,比如 lua_remove,lua_insert。例如,为了获取以键值 "Key" 保
存在 registry 中的值,使用下面的代码:
- lua_pushstring(L, "Key");
- lua_gettable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
由于这个表是所有的lua库所共享的,所以key值也一定要注意。云大也给了一些去key值的参考方法。
函数中,取注册表键值有这样的代码,可以看出注册表存储在 global_State 结构的 l_registry 变量中
- static TValue *index2addr (lua_State *L, int idx)
- else if (idx == LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) /*注册表索引*/
- return &G(L)->l_registry;
注册表这个量在lua CApi可以访问,lua脚本中访问不了。Lua中可以访问的是 _G 这个全局变量。
- for i,v in pairs(_G) do
- print("name:", i, ", type:", type(v));
- end
这可以看到当前全局量里面所包含的值。那么全局量保存在那个位置呢?可以在lua_getglobal的源代码
- LUA_API void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *var) {
- Table *reg = hvalue(&G(L)->l_registry);
- const TValue *gt; /* global table */
- lua_lock(L);
- gt = luaH_getint(reg, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS);
- setsvalue2s(L, L->top++, luaS_new(L, var));
- luaV_gettable(L, gt, L->top - 1, L->top - 1);
- lua_unlock(L);
- }
可以看出获得全局变量,先是获得注册表的值,然后注册表中key为 LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS 的表就是全局表。Lua.h中定义了这个宏。
- #define LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD 1
- #define LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS 2
- #define LUA_RIDX_LAST LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS
当前也就是构建了这样的一个状态
再来看看 _ENV 这个量
Print(_G); -->table:003C27D8
Print(_ENV); -->table:003C27D8
这里看出两个指向的是同一个table。那么这两个是什么关系呢?Lua官方说明文档中:
When Lua loads a chunk, the default value for its _ENV upvalue is the global environment (see load).
Therefore, by default, free names in Lua code refer to entries in the global environment
(and, therefore, they are also called global variables).
Moreover, all standard libraries are loaded in the global environment and some functions there operate on that environment.
You can use load (or loadfile) to load a chunk with a different environment.
(In C, you have to load the chunk and then change the value of its first upvalue.)
关于chuck的解释:
The unit of compilation of Lua is called a chunk. Syntactically, a chunk is simply a block。
A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
To execute a chunk, Lua first loads it, precompiling the chunk's code into instructions for a virtual machine,
and then Lua executes the compiled code with an interpreter for the virtual machine.
一个chunk就是lua的一个解释单元,可以存储在文件或者字符串中。对于每一个chunk,都有一个叫_ENV的upvalue,此时_ENV的初值就是_G。在chunk内的函数,都会有这个upvalue值。修改当前的chunk的 _ENV,也就修改了_G(这段话解释有问题,_ENV 和 _G 都只是一个表table的名字, 改变_ENV的指向并不会对_G有影响, 仅仅_ENV的初值是_G而已),那么在该代码块中加入的非local变量,可以直接通过名称在其他chunk中访问到(当然该chunk的_ENV 也得是 _G)。
改变_G的指向, 此时_G是一个空表,_ENV的初始值是未改变前的表_G。
程序可以正常运行,print函数和_G表,以及全家变量a 都是可以从 _ENV表中正常查找到。
a = 1 -- 全局变量 print("_ENV --->", _ENV, "_G --->", _G) _G = {} print("_ENV --->", _ENV, "_G --->", _G) print("global a is: ", a) print("_ENV a is: ", _ENV.a) print("_G a is: ", _G.a)
改变_ENV的指向, 此时_ENV是一个空表,表_G没有任何变化。
程序可以不能正常运行,print函数和_G表,以及全家变量a 都不能从 _ENV表中查找到。
a = 1 -- 全局变量 print("_ENV --->", _ENV, "_G --->", _G) _ENV = {} print("_ENV --->", _ENV, "_G --->", _G) print("global a is: ", a) print("_ENV a is: ", _ENV.a) print("_G a is: ", _G.a)
所以不规范得命名很容易影响其他模块。为了避免这种情况,变量尽量申请为local类型。利用_G和表元表和元方法,即可以强制声明全局变量。
- local oldprint = print;
- local oldload = load;
- local oldpairs = pairs;
- local _tenv = {};
- _tenv.tprint = print;
- _tenv.tpairs = pairs;
- oldprint(_ENV); -->table: 00A888D8
- oldprint(_ENV._G); -->table: 00A888D8
- oldprint(_G); -->table: 00A888D8
- local _tg = _G; -->_G 通过 _tg 保存起来
- _G = {};
- _ENV = _tenv;
- x = 1;
- for i,v in tpairs(_ENV) do
- tprint(i); -->tprint
- end -->x
- -->tpairs
- oldprint(_ENV); -->table: 00A8E660
- oldprint(_G); -->nil(此时这两个表指向了不同的地方)
- --test这个chunk内,使用的 _ENV 是 _tenv。这里 _ENV 添加了变量 y
- local a = oldload("y = 1; for i,v in tpairs(_ENV) do tprint(i); end", "test", "t", _tenv);
- a();
- --访问另一个chunk,使用同样的 _ENV , y值可以直接访问
- local b = oldload("y = y + 1;", "test", "t", _tenv);
- b();
- oldprint(_tenv.y); -->2
- oldprint(_ENV.y); -->2
- oldprint(_tg.y) -->nil
这里可以看出,当前chunk 的 _ENV 改变了,不会改变全局的 _G(除非此时 _ENV 就是指向的 _G)。在加载一个chunk的时候可以设置 _ENV,说明可以让chunk在特定的环境中运行。获取一个独立运行环境的函数,可以修改 _ENV 。
- function testbar(env)
- local _ENV = env;
- _ENV.x = 1;
- return function ()
- return _ENV.x;
- end
- end
- local env = {};
- local f = testbar(env);
- print(_ENV.x);
- print(f());
来源 http://www.jianshu.com/p/e35ed633bc21
在lua中,至少从5.2开始就不再有全局变量:
当你写a = 1的时候,其实被编译成 _ENV.a = 1
但是一直以为_ENV是全局environment,其实不然,lua手册中说:
every chunk is compiled in the scope of an external local variable called _ENV (see §3.3.2), so _ENV itself is never a global name in a chunk.
这里的external local variable就是upvalue,也就是_ENV是当前chunk的upvalue。
When Lua compiles a chunk, it initializes the value of its _ENV upvalue with the global environment (see load).
当lua编译一个chunk的时候,如果不指定的话,默认使用全局environment初始化它的upvalue _ENV(其实就是引用),它是隐式声明的一个upvalue,看load声明:
load (ld [, source [, mode [, env]])
loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]])
所以_ENV是语法糖,它在lua编译的作为upvalue被隐式声明,并且可以由外部指定。
通过下面代码可以验证:
t.lua
local _env = {tostring=tostring,print=print, debug=debug}
print ("_ENV = "..tostring(_ENV))
print ("_env = "..tostring(_env))
local f, err = loadfile("m.lua", "bt", _env)
assert(f, err)
local m = f(f)
m.test()
m.lua
local f = ...
local m = {}
function m.test()
local i =1
while true do
local n, v = debug.getupvalue(f, i)
if not n then
break
elseif n == "_ENV" then
print ("_ENV = "..tostring(v))
break
end
i = i+1
end
end
return m
输出
_ENV = table: 0x132f5f0
_env = table: 0x1335f90
_ENV = table: 0x1335f90
查看指令码可以看到SETUPVAL:
t.lua
_ENV = nil
$ luac -l t.lua
main <t.lua:0,0> (3 instructions at 0x245b3c0)
0+ params, 2 slots, 1 upvalue, 0 locals, 0 constants, 0 functions
1 [47] LOADNIL 0 0
2 [47] SETUPVAL 0 0 ; _ENV
3 [47] RETURN 0 1
ps:
全局environment在C Registry(LUA_REGISTRYINDEX):LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS: At this index the registry has the global environment.
_G在初始化的时候被复制为全局environment
test_env.lua:
local local_var = "local_var" -- 该变量为该模块的局部变量
global_var = "global_var" -- 该变量为全局变量注册在 _G 中 -- print("_ENV.local_var:", _ENV.local_var) -- 这句证明 local 变量不存在于 _ENV 中 test_env = {} -- 如果这里设为 local 则不能在 require 一次后在其他文件中直接调用 test_env 后面会说明 setmetatable(test_env, {__index = _G}) -- 设置 _G 是为了使用 print 函数还有验证上面的 global_var _ENV = test_env -- 改变当前环境 local env_local_var = "env_local_var" env_globar_var = "env_global_var" -- 注意这里不是存在 _G 而是在 _ENV print("local_var:", local_var) print("global_var:", global_var) print("env_local_var:", env_local_var) print("env_global_var:", env_global_var) print("test_env:", test_env) print("_G:", _G) print("_G.local_var = nil result:", _G.local_var) print("_G.global_var = global_var result:", _G.global_var) print("_G.test_env = test_env(addr) result:", _G.test_env) print("_G.env_local_var = nil result:", _G.env_local_var) -- 该变量为局部变量所以 _G 中没有 print("_G.env_global_var = nil result:", _G.env_global_var) -- 该变量在 _ENV 中 print("_ENV._G = _G(addr) result:", _ENV._G) print("_ENV.local_var = nil result:", _G.local_var) print("_ENV.env_local_var = nil result:", _ENV.env_local_var) print("_ENV.env_global_var = env_global_var result:", _ENV.env_global_var) return test_env
test.lua:
local env = require "test_env"
print("") print("") print("env: ", env) print("test_env: ", test_env) print("_G.test_env: ", _G.test_env) print("env.local_var = nil result:", env.local_var) print("env.global_var = global_var result:", env.global_var) -- 这里的 global_var 其实是 _G.global_var print("_G.global_var = global_var result:", _G.global_var) print("env.env_local_var = nil result:", _G.env_local_var) print("env.env_global_var = nil result:", _G.env_global_var) print("test_env.env_local_var = nil result:", test_env.env_local_var) -- 这里是 _G.test_env.env_local_var print("test_env.env_global_var = env_global_var result:", test_env.env_global_var) -- 这里是 _G.test_env.env_local_var 如果test_env.lua中 test_env 变量前面加上 local 这里就不能这么用
Lua 5.3 _ENV table include function list (Exclude _G table and package table)
xpcall ==>> function: 00A80D70 require ==>> function: 003935F0 assert ==>> function: 00A80A60 pairs ==>> function: 00A805D0 type ==>> function: 00A80490 ipairs ==>> function: 00A80630 rawequal ==>> function: 00A800C0 tostring ==>> function: 00A80E50 print ==>> function: 00A7F990 select ==>> function: 00A80B40 next ==>> function: 00A80530 rawlen ==>> function: 00A80150 setmetatable ==>> function: 00A7FFD0 getmetatable ==>> function: 00A7FF30 rawset ==>> function: 00A80290 dofile ==>> function: 00A80990 rawget ==>> function: 00A80200 tonumber ==>> function: 00A7FC10 load ==>> function: 00A807C0 loadfile ==>> function: 00A806D0 _VERSION ==>> Lua 5.3 collectgarbage ==>> function: 00A80330 error ==>> function: 00A7FE60 pcall ==>> function: 00A80CB0 ------------>>> utf8 ==>> table: 00393910 len ==>> function: 00AB4790 charpattern ==>> [ -?鬩[€-縘* char ==>> function: 00AB4CF0 offset ==>> function: 00AB4E30 codepoint ==>> function: 00AB4A20 codes ==>> function: 00AB51F0 <<<------------ utf8 ==>> table: 00393910 ------------>>> arg ==>> table: 00393AA0 0 ==>> E:\vsproj\lua1\mytest2.lua -1 ==>> C:\lua-5.3.4\bin\lua53.exe <<<------------ arg ==>> table: 00393AA0 ------------>>> debug ==>> table: 003939B0 getupvalue ==>> function: 00A86FE0 setmetatable ==>> function: 00A86500 upvaluejoin ==>> function: 00A87130 upvalueid ==>> function: 00A870A0 gethook ==>> function: 00A85E20 traceback ==>> function: 00A862A0 sethook ==>> function: 00A85B70 setlocal ==>> function: 00A86DE0 debug ==>> function: 00A86020 setuservalue ==>> function: 00A86630 getinfo ==>> function: 00A866C0 getlocal ==>> function: 00A86B80 setupvalue ==>> function: 00A87030 getmetatable ==>> function: 00A86480 getuservalue ==>> function: 00A865B0 getregistry ==>> function: 00A86420 <<<------------ debug ==>> table: 003939B0 ------------>>> table ==>> table: 00393640 unpack ==>> function: 00AAFBD0 remove ==>> function: 00AAF310 sort ==>> function: 00AAF030 concat ==>> function: 00AAF860 move ==>> function: 00AAF4E0 insert ==>> function: 00AAF140 pack ==>> function: 00AAFAE0 <<<------------ table ==>> table: 00393640 ------------>>> os ==>> table: 00393780 setlocale ==>> function: 00A9D5F0 remove ==>> function: 00A9CBF0 difftime ==>> function: 00A9D540 execute ==>> function: 00A9CB30 date ==>> function: 00A9CF80 getenv ==>> function: 00A9CE80 clock ==>> function: 00A9CF00 rename ==>> function: 00A9CCA0 time ==>> function: 00A9D300 tmpname ==>> function: 00A9CD70 exit ==>> function: 00A9D6B0 <<<------------ os ==>> table: 00393780 ------------>>> math ==>> table: 003938C0 mininteger ==>> -9223372036854775808 fmod ==>> function: 00A97A60 floor ==>> function: 00A978C0 ult ==>> function: 00A97E10 tan ==>> function: 00A975B0 abs ==>> function: 00A973E0 log ==>> function: 00A97ED0 sin ==>> function: 00A974D0 rad ==>> function: 00A98150 acos ==>> function: 00A97690 maxinteger ==>> 9223372036854775807 ceil ==>> function: 00A97990 exp ==>> function: 00A98050 random ==>> function: 00A983A0 atan ==>> function: 00A97700 modf ==>> function: 00A97BF0 cos ==>> function: 00A97540 max ==>> function: 00A982C0 pi ==>> 3.1415926535898 type ==>> function: 00A986A0 sqrt ==>> function: 00A97DA0 asin ==>> function: 00A97620 tointeger ==>> function: 00A977C0 randomseed ==>> function: 00A98610 huge ==>> 1.#INF min ==>> function: 00A981E0 deg ==>> function: 00A980C0 <<<------------ math ==>> table: 003938C0 ------------>>> io ==>> table: 00393690 stdin ==>> file (0FD49468) lines ==>> function: 00A919B0 stdout ==>> file (0FD49488) close ==>> function: 00A914A0 stderr ==>> file (0FD494A8) write ==>> function: 00A91BE0 read ==>> function: 00A91B10 output ==>> function: 00A918E0 tmpfile ==>> function: 00A917D0 type ==>> function: 00A91330 flush ==>> function: 00A91F40 popen ==>> function: 00A916D0 input ==>> function: 00A91880 open ==>> function: 00A915B0 <<<------------ io ==>> table: 00393690 ------------>>> string ==>> table: 003937D0 len ==>> function: 00AA6380 format ==>> function: 00AA6760 char ==>> function: 00AA7690 dump ==>> function: 00AA7830 reverse ==>> function: 00AA6610 lower ==>> function: 00AA6E20 sub ==>> function: 00AA6440 upper ==>> function: 00AA6F80 rep ==>> function: 00AA70E0 byte ==>> function: 00AA7410 gmatch ==>> function: 00AA8AF0 find ==>> function: 00AA8A50 match ==>> function: 00AA8AA0 unpack ==>> function: 00AA8550 packsize ==>> function: 00AA8370 gsub ==>> function: 00AA8C60 pack ==>> function: 00AA7980 <<<------------ string ==>> table: 003937D0 ------------>>> coroutine ==>> table: 00393230 wrap ==>> function: 00A85450 resume ==>> function: 00A852C0 isyieldable ==>> function: 00A856D0 running ==>> function: 00A85740 status ==>> function: 00A85530 yield ==>> function: 00A854C0 create ==>> function: 00A853B0 <<<------------ coroutine ==>> table: 00393230 ------------>>> package ==>> table: 003930A0 <<<------------ package ==>> table: 003930A0 ------------>>> _G ==>> table: 00390D60 <<<------------ _G ==>> table: 00390D60